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. 2021 Apr 13;30(8):2171–2185. doi: 10.1007/s11136-021-02813-5

Table 4.

Total and direct effects of each variable on mental well-being in all population

Total effects Direct effects
β SE P eta2 (%) β SE P eta2 (%)
Demographic factors

Sex

(Ref: Women)

 Men 1.32 0.15  < 0.001 0.6 − 0.05 0.14 0.741 0.6

Age (years)

(Ref: ≥ 75)

 15–44 5.21 0.26  < 0.001 3.4 1.33 0.36  < 0.001 3.4
45–64 3.35 0.27  < 0.001 1.24 0.33  < 0.001
65–74 2.67 0.32  < 0.001 1.47 0.29  < 0.001

Country of origin

(Ref: Spain)

 High income 1.36 0.54 0.012 0.2 0.68 0.50 0.173 0.2
Other 0.90 0.21  < 0.001 1.01 0.21  < 0.001
Socioeconomic factors Educational level Secondary 1.99 0.20  < 0.001 2.8 0.84 0.19  < 0.001 1.7
(Ref: Primary) Higher 3.05 0.24  < 0.001 0.71 0.26 0.006
Social class I 0.68 0.22 0.002 1.2 − 0.42 0.20 0.037 1.2
(Ref: III) II 0.16 0.21 0.444 − 0.46 0.18 0.013
Never worked − 3.75 0.52  < 0.001 − 2.58 0.50  < 0.001

Employment status

(Ref: Unemployed)

 Student 3.35 0.34  < 0.001 6.5 1.67 0.32  < 0.001 6.4
Employed 3.16 0.24  < 0.001 1.81 0.23  < 0.001
Housework 2.34 0.36  < 0.001 1.50 0.33  < 0.001
Retired 2.65 0.39  < 0.001 1.90 0.37  < 0.001
Other − 4.11 0.41  < 0.001 − 1.81 0.38  < 0.001

Family economic difficulties to make monthly ends meet

(Ref: Great difficulty)

 Difficulty 1.59 0.33  < 0.001 4.2 0.60 0.31 0.05 4.2
Some difficulty 3.14 0.30  < 0.001 1.52 0.29  < 0.001
Some ease 4.36 0.30  < 0.001 2.24 0.29  < 0.001
Ease 5.64 0.33  < 0.001 3.70 0.32  < 0.001
Great ease 6.02 0.55  < 0.001 3.98 0.52  < 0.001
Relational factors Social support (Ref: Adequate) Low − 12.80 0.48  < 0.001 6.3 − 9.97 0.45  < 0.001 5.9
Lifestyle factors

BMI

(Ref: Obesity)

 Underweight − 0.38 0.50 0.446 1.0 − 0.80 0.46 0.086 1.0
Normal weight 0.78 0.22  < 0.001 0.34 0.20 0.097
Overweight 0.72 0.22  < 0.001 0.37 0.20 0.068
Hours of sleep (Ref: < 6 h) 6-8 h 1.37 0.24  < 0.001 1.5 1.37 0.24  < 0.001 1.5
 > 8 h 1.51 0.32  < 0.001 1.51 0.32  < 0.001
Smoking status (Ref: Smoker) Ex-smoker 0.96 0.22  < 0.001 0.1 0.70 0.20  < 0.001 0.1
Non-smoker 0.65 0.18  < 0.001 0.31 0.16 0.058
Health factors

Mental disorder

(Ref: Presence)

 Absence 6.36 0.19  < 0.001 13.4 4.89 0.19  < 0.001 13.3
Physical disorder (Ref: Presence) Absence 2.15 0.16  < 0.001 3.6 0.40 0.15 0.006 3.5
Lack of autonomy (Ref: Presence) Absence 7.84 0.25  < 0.001 10.6 5.16 0.26  < 0.001 10.5
Self-reported health

Perceived health

(Ref: Poor)

 Excellent 10.07 0.45  < 0.001 16.3 10.07 0.45  < 0.001 16.3
Very good 7.73 0.40  < 0.001 7.73 0.40  < 0.001
Good 7.14 0.38  < 0.001 7.14 0.38  < 0.001
Fair 4.17 0.38  < 0.001 4.17 0.38  < 0.001

Regression coefficients represent WEMWBS change relative to the variable reference category. Each variable has been adjusted by its minimally sufficient adjustment set (MSAS) identified with the DAG-1 (see Fig. 1 and Supplementary Figure 2), and by year of survey

β regression coefficient, SE standard error, eta2 (%) eta squared*100, BMI body mass index, Ref reference category