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. 2021 Jul 22;7:17. doi: 10.1038/s41514-021-00069-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Genetic correlation using LD score regression between Hearing difficulty (HDiff) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genome-wide SNPs. b Bidirectional Mendelian randomization using exposure instruments (e.g., genome-wide significant lead SNPs from HDiff GWAS) in causal association with outcome (e.g., AD). c Mendelian randomization using SNPs from studies available in MR-base database as exposure instruments in causal association with the outcome for each trait, HDiff, and AD.