Table 1.
Study design, quality, and participant characteristics of included studies.
| Author and year | Location | Duration and design | Pilot study | Sample size (N) | Age (mean) | Racial/ethnic minority (%) | ≤HS educ. (%) | GRADE quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized clinical trials | ||||||||
| Alonso-Domínguez, 2019 | Salamanca, Spain | 12-mo RCT | 408 | 60.6 | Non-US study | 83.33% | Moderate | |
| Buis, 2017 | Detroit, MI | 1-mo RCT | X | 123 | 49 | 100% Black | 49.10% | Moderate-low |
| Chow, 2015 | Sydney, Australia | 6-mo RCT | 710 | 57.6 | Non-US study | >50%a | Moderate | |
| Davidson, 2015 | Charleston, SC | 6-mo RCT | 38 | 48 | 52.6% Black, 47.4% Latinx | 57.90% | Moderate | |
| Derose, 2019 | South Los Angeles, CA | 5-mo RCT | X | 213 | 50.8 | 45.3% Black, 51.1% Latinx | 51.80% | Low-very low |
| Gonzalez-Sanchez, 2019 | Spain | 12-mo RCT | 833 | 51.9 | Non-US study | 70.20% | High-moderate | |
| Haufe, 2019 | Wolfsburg, Germany | 6-mo RCT | 214 | 48.1 | Non-US study | 73% | Moderate | |
| Kim, 2019 | Seoul, South Korea | 8-wk RCT | 144 | 77.7 | Non-US study | 82.26% | Moderate-low | |
| McManus, 2018 | England | 12-mo RCT | 1182 | 66.9 | Non-US study | 76.60% | High | |
| Newton, 2018 | Baton Rouge, LA | 6-mo cluster RCT | 97 | 56 | 100% Black | 70.10% | Very low | |
| Or, 2016 | Hong Kong | 3-mo RCT | X | 63 | 69.5 | Non-US study | 88% | Moderate |
| Skolarus, 2017 | Flint, MI | 6-mo RCT | X | 94 | 58 | 97% Black | NR | Very low |
| Varleta, 2017 | Santiago, Chile | 6-mo RCT | 314 | 60 | Non-US study | 67.10% | Low | |
| Wakefield, 2011 | Iowa City, IA | 3-arm 6-mo RCT | 302 | 68 | 1.99% Black, 0.99% AI/AN, 0.66% Latinx | 46.70% | High | |
| Zha, 2019 | Newark, NJ | 6-mo RCT | X | 30 | 52.2 | 96% Black | NR | Moderate |
| Non-randomized clinical trials | ||||||||
| Brewer, 2019 | Rochester and Minneapolis-St Paul, MN | 10-wk single-group | X | 50 | 49.6 | 100% Black | 12.00% | Very low |
| Fukuoka, 2018 | San Francisco, CA | 8-wk pre-post | 54 | 45.3 | 100% Latinx | 31.50% | Very low | |
| Jones, 2016 | Lexington, KY | 12-wk pre-post | 40 | 58 | 100% Black | NR | Very low | |
| Kim et al., 2019 | Baltimore-Washington DC | 6-mo single-group | X | 247 | 60.9 | 100% Korean American | 31.50% | Very low |
| Levin, 2019 | Cleveland, OH | 12-wk cohort | X | 38 | 51.5 | 73.7% Black, 5.3% Hispanic, 2.6% Other | 13.18 (2.69)b | Very low |
| Lewinski, 2019 | Durham, NC | 6-mo single-arm | X | 141 | 56.9 | 83.9% Black, 3.4% Other | 22.90% | Very low |
| Milani, 2017 | New Orleans, LA | 3-mo case-control | 156 | 68 | 22.5% Black | NR | Very low | |
| Orozco-Beltran, 2017 | Spain | 1-yr quasi-experimental | 521 | 70.4 | Non-US study | NR | Low | |
| Patel, 2013 | Washington, DC | 10-mo cohort | 50 | 53 | 96% Black | 79% | Very low | |
| Wenger, 2019 | Atlanta, Georgia | 6-mo pre-post | X | 14 | 52 | 100% Black | NR | Very low |
Bold text indicates the study met inclusion criteria for a vulnerable population.
AI/AN American Indian/Alaska Native, GRADE Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations, HS educ. high school education, NR not reported, RCT randomized control trial.
aAuthors reported median (11.0) and IQR (9.0–13.0).
bAuthors reported mean number of years of education.