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. 2021 Jul 22;11:15007. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94572-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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C. butyricum modulated the gut microbiome composition under fidaxomicin treatment and increased Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus spp. (A) Experimental design for gut microbiome analysis with 9- to 10-week-old ICR Swiss mice. (B) Bacterial compositions in different experimental groups at the phylum level. All values are mean (n = 5). (C) Comparison of the Shannon index of different groups. The box and whiskers represent the smallest and largest values, with the median in the center of each box (n = 5). (D) Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on weighted Unifrac distances among CBM 588 monotherapy group (CBM 588), fidaxomicin monotherapy group (Fidaxo), and combination group (Combination). (E) Effect of fidaxomicin and/or CBM 588 administration on relative species abundance (≥ 0.001%) in the fecal samples. After quality filtering steps, three species (Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., and Clostridium spp.) were considered to have significantly higher relative abundance (%) in the combination group, compared with the fidaxomicin administration group at day 8. Data represent the mean values of relative abundances ± SD (n = 5–10).