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. 2021 Jul 22;11:15007. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94572-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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C. butyricum changed gut microbiome profiles to modulate gut succinate level. (A) Concentration of organic acids in fecal samples taken at day 4. (green: control group, yellow: fidaxomicin group, blue: CBM 588 group, red: combination group) All values are mean ± SD (n = 5–10). (B) Effect of fidaxomicin and CBM 588 administration on relative succinate producer and consumer species abundance in the fecal samples. Data represent the relative abundance (%) mean values of relative abundances ± SD (n = 5–10). Succinate producer: Propionibacterium spp., Alistipes spp., Paraprevotella spp., Parabacteroides spp., Blautia spp., Faecalibacterium spp., Citrobacter spp., Succinivibrio spp., Akkermansia spp., Succinate consumer: Bacterides spp., Clostridium spp., Phascolarctobacterium spp., Ruminococcus spp., Dialister spp., Veillonella spp. (reference 12).