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. 2021 Jul 22;11:15007. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94572-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IL-17A plays important role to enhance antibacterial activity of combination therapy with C. butyricum against C. difficile and activate plasma B cell to enhance IgA production. (A) Interleukin (IL)-6, Transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁) and (B) IL-17A protein expressions in mice colon lumina propria (cLP) detected at day 8. All values are mean ± SD (n = 5–10). (C) The relative RNA expression of genes encoding proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in colon tissues of mice, detected by qPCR. All values are mean ± SD (n = 5–10). (D) Representative flow cytometry plots of B cell (CD45R/B220⁺/CD19⁺/CD138^-) and plasma B cell (CD45R/B220⁺/CD19⁻/CD138⁺) expressions among leukocytes in the colonic lamina propria (cLP) in the fidaxomicin monotherapy group (Fidaxo), and combination group (Combination). Percentage of plasma B cell among leukocytes in cLP (right). (E) Representative flow cytometry plots of IL-17A producing CD4⁺ cell (CD3⁺/CD4⁺/IL-17A⁺) expression among T cells in the cLP in the fidaxomicin monotherapy group (Fidaxo), and combination group (Combination). Percentage of IL-17A producing CD4⁺ cells among CD4⁺ cells among T cells in cLP (right).