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. 2021 Jul 22;11:14942. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94412-0

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Images of the right eye of a 72-year-old man with pachychoroid neovasculopathy. The refraction was + 1.00 diopters. Best-corrected visual acuity was 0.30 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution unit. (A) Color fundus photograph shows retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormality at the macular area. (B) 12 mm vertical B-mode optical coherence tomography (OCT) images through the fovea show pachychoroid with dilated outer choroidal vessels (vortex veins). A shallow irregular RPE detachment accompanied by SRD is observed at the fovea. The central choroidal thickness is 302 µm. (C) Fluorescein angiography shows window defects and some leakage in the macular area as well as window defects superotemporal to the macular area. (D) Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) shows dilated choroidal vessels and suspected choroidal neovascularization (CNV) at the macular area. (E) OCT angiography (3 mm x 3 mm) shows network vessels of CNV between the detached RPE and Bruch’s membrane. (F) En face OCT image shows dilated vortex veins in the deep layer of the choroid. The horizontal watershed is lost due to anastomoses between the superior and inferior vortex veins. (G) Early phase (8.78–9.22 s after choroidal filling) of ICGA in the superotemporal quadrant shows pulsatile flow in a vortex vein (yellow arrow).