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. 2021 Jul 22;12:4478. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24717-1

Fig. 4. Ce:GAGG microparticles were non-cytotoxic and biocompatible.

Fig. 4

a Top, dissociated hippocampal neurons cultured with a Ce:GAGG crystal (upper). Bottom, the survival rates of dissociated neurons cultured with or without a Ce:GAGG crystal (n = 7 dishes for each group, F(1,24) = 2.18, p = 0.15; two-way ANOVA). b, c Left, representative confocal images of immunoreactivity against NeuN (green) at the injection site of vehicle or SMPs, and at the ventral tip of an implanted optical fiber with a diameter of 200 μm or 400 μm, at one week (1 w) (b) or four weeks (4 w) (c) after surgery. The trace of SMPs or optical fiber is outlined by a dashed line. Blue: DAPI. Right, an average number of NeuN-positive cells counted in a 100 μm × 100 μm square near the injection/implantation traces. 1 w: Vehicle, n = 3 mice; SMPs, n = 3 mice, p = 0.633, n = 3 mice, 200-μm fiber, n = 3 mice, **p = 0.0022; 400-μm fiber, n = 3 mice, **p = 0.0016. 4 w: Vehicle, n = 3 mice, SMPs, n = 3 mice, p = 0.106; 200-μm fiber, n = 4 mice, *p = 0.0277; 400-μm fiber, n = 3 mice, *p = 0.0121; Dunnett’s multiple comparison test vs. the vehicle group, two-sided. Neuronal loss was found near the optical fiber traces, but not around implanted SMPs. d Mean number of NeuN-positive cells in a 100 μm × 100 μm square at different distances from the injection/implantation traces at 1 w or 4 w after surgery. 1 w: n = 3 mice for each group; 4 w: Vehicle, n = 3 mice, SMPs, n = 3 mice, 200-μm fiber, n = 4 mice, 400-μm fiber, n = 3 mice. 1 w-Vehicle, F(2,6) = 0.114, p = 0.894; SMPs, F(2,6) = 0.643, p = 0.559; 200-μm fiber, F(2,6) = 4.7, p < 0.0001; 400-μm fiber, F(2,6) = 4.83, p = 0.0563; one-way ANOVA. 4 w-Vehicle, F(2,6) = 3.34, p = 0.106; SMPs, F(2,6) = 1.11, p = 0.390; 200-μm fiber, F(2,9) = 9.88, p = 0.0054; 400-μm fiber, F(2,6) = 3.80, p = 0.0857; one-way ANOVA. 200-μm fiber: 1 w, 0.1–0.2 mm, ***p = 0.0001; 1 w, 0.2–0.3 mm, ****p < 0.0001; 4 w, 0.1–0.2 mm, **p = 0.0072; 4w, 0.2–0.3 mm, **p = 0.0072; Dunnett’s multiple comparison test vs. the 0–0.1 mm group, two-sided. Open circles and lightly colored lines indicate individual data. N.S., not significant. Values are mean ± SEM.