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. 2021 Jul 22;11:15033. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94510-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the effects of repeated rinsing with NADM, NADG or d-(+)-mannose on multi-species biofilm organic acid production/consumption. Organic acid levels detected in the supernatants of substrate-treated multi-species biofilms are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3) values (mg/L). Values > 0 mg/L represent a net organic acid production, values < 0 mg/L represent a net organic acid consumption. Substrates were dissolved in PBS at a concentration of 1 M (panel a) or ~ 0.05 M (1%_(w/v)) (panel b) (corresponding molar concentrations: 0.045 M (NADM and NADG) and 0.056 M (d-(+)-mannose)). Statistically significantly different values when compared to the control (PBS) are marked with ‘*’ (P < 0.05, ANOVA + Dunnett’s correction for simultaneous hypothesis testing), statistically significantly different values between two treatment conditions, which were only considered to be relevant if each condition was also significantly different from the control condition, are marked with ‘^#’ (P < 0.05, ANOVA + Tukey’s correction for simultaneous hypothesis testing for comparisons between 3 substrates, unpaired two-tailed t-test for comparisons between 2 substrates). OA: organic acid; NADM: N-acetyl-d-mannosamine; NADG: N-acetyl-d-glucosamine.