Table 2.

Patient Characteristics of the Included Studies

Source	Departments at which study was conducted	Number	Participants	Gender (% female)
			Age (mean age years ± SD)
del Giorno 2018	Internal medicine, surgery	i: 26,312 c: 18,661	i: 75 (63–83) c: 67 (50–78)§	i: 50 c: 52
Jain 2013	Internal medicine	b: 54 a: 49	Not specified	Not specified
Kehr 2011	Family medicine inpatient service*	b: 59 a (1 m): 51 a (4 m): 46	b: 58 a (1 m): 64 a (4 m): 59	b: 38 a (1 m): 23 a (4 m): 28
Khalili 2010	Infectious disease	b: 265 a: 241	> 10 years	b: 46 a: 49
Khudair 2011	General medical	b: 206 a: 208	b: 51 ± 17 a: 53 ± 19	b: 19 a: 34
Kumana 1998	All departments**	b: 173 a: 546	Not specified	Not specified
Luo 2018	> 10 departments**	b: 300 a: 300	b: 51 ± 14 a: 49 ± 15	b: 39 a: 45
van Vliet 2009	Pulmonary medicine	b: 300 a: 300	b: 58 ± 17 a: 56 ± 16	b: 45 a: 48
Xin 2018	7 departments	b: 142 a: 143	b: 58 ± 14 a: 59 ± 14	b: 58 a: 59
Yachimski 2010	Not specified, ICU excluded	b: 458 a: 484	b: 63 ± 19 a: 63 ± 18	b: 41 a: 43

i, intervention group; c, control group; b, before de-implementation; a, after de-implementation; m, months

*Including ICU

**No details provided whether ICU was included

^§Median age (IQR)