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Schematic diagram summarizing the mechanisms by which CS-semi5 alleviates synovial inflammation, cartilage erosion and bone loss in RA. CS-semi5 effectively inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, including p65 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of p-IKKα/β and p-NF-κB, both in vivo and in vitro. CS-semi5 also reduces TNF‐α and IL‐1β production by activated macrophages and blocks RANKL-trigged osteoclast differentiation of macrophages.
