Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants according to the number of metabolic disorders.
| Parameters | All participants (n = 1,958) | Number of metabolic disorders | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤1 (n = 540) | 2 (n = 510) | 3 (n = 437) | ≥4 (n = 471) | |||
| Age (years) | 68.9 (66.5–73.1) | 68.6 (66.4–72.7) | 69.0 (66.5–73.4) | 69.1 (66.6–73.6) | 69.0 (66.6–72.8) | 0.550 |
| Male, N (%) | 879 (44.9%) | 289 (53.5%) | 231 (45.3%)* | 202 (46.2%) | 157 (33.3%)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.5 | 22.0 ± 2.6 | 24.5 ± 3.2* | 25.1 ± 3.2*† | 26.2 ± 3.2*†‡ | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 85.9 ± 9.8 | 78.8 ± 7.4 | 86.3 ± 9.2* | 88.1 ± 8.9*† | 91.6 ± 8.6*†‡ | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 96.2 ± 7.1 | 92.0 ± 5.7 | 96.8 ± 6.9* | 97.7 ± 6.9* | 99.1 ± 6.9*†‡ | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 134.8 ± 16.7 | 125.7 ± 16.0 | 137.4 ± 16.8* | 137.2 ±15.4* | 140.1 ± 14.5*†‡ | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 80.1 ± 9.6 | 76.6 ± 8.7 | 80.9 ± 9.7* | 81.2 ± 9.4* | 82.1 ± 9.5* | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 15.4 (12.3–20.9) | 13.9 (11.1–17.8) | 15.1(12.4–21.0)* | 15.9 (12.8–20.8)* | 17.5 (13.1–24.2)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 19.4 (16.8–22.8) | 19.6 (16.8–22.8) | 19.4 (17.2–22.8) | 19.1 (16.8–22.7) | 19.2 (16.4–23.2) | 0.759 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 73.6 ± 17.8 | 74.6 ± 16.2 | 73.8 ± 18.4 | 74.8 ± 19.4 | 71.3 ± 17.2*‡ | <0.05 |
| Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 328.3 ± 78.2 | 314.2 ± 75.5 | 328.1 ± 80.2* | 331.2 ± 74.6* | 342.1 ± 79.5*† | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.20 (4.80–5.90) | 4.90 (4.70–5.30) | 5.10 (4.80–5.50)* | 5.40 (4.90–6.30)*† | 6.00 (5.30–7.20)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.17 ± 0.98 | 5.13 ± 0.94 | 5.21 ± 0.94 | 5.15 ± 1.00 | 5.19 ± 1.06 | 0.556 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.36 (1.04–1.88) | 1.08 (0.85-1.33) | 1.26 (1.02–1.57)* | 1.59 (1.17–2.07)*† | 1.98 (1.54–2.62)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.40 ± 0.36 | 1.59 ± 0.36 | 1.46 ± 0.33* | 1.32 ± 0.31*† | 1.19 ± 0.30*†‡ | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.20 ± 0.86 | 3.15 ± 0.81 | 3.26 ± 0.79 | 3.22 ± 0.90 | 3.17 ± 0.93 | 0.160 |
| Urinary creatinine (mmol/L) | 5,884.2 ± 3,345.5 | 6,157.3 ± 3,467.6 | 5,878.7 ± 3,323.3 | 5,843.4 ± 3,188.6 | 5,612.7 ± 3,355.0 | 0.083 |
| Urinary albumin (mg/L) | 18.6 (8.4–27.5) | 16.0 (7.2–24.7) | 18.5 (8.0–26.7)* | 19.5 (9.0–31.0)* | 20.7 (9.5–34.5)*† | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, N (%) | 328 (16.8%) | 109 (20.2%) | 84 (16.5%) | 70 (16.0%) | 65 (13.8%)*†‡ | 0.003 |
| Family history of premature CVD, N (%) | 358 (18.3%) | 91 (16.9%) | 99 (19.4%) | 76 (17.4%) | 92 (19.5%) | 0.593 |
| Anti-hypertensive treatment, N (%) | 814 (93.3%) | 100 (95.2%) | 218 (92.4%) | 214 (91.5%) | 282 (94.9%) | 0.315 |
| Anti-diabetic treatment, N (%) | 268 (87.0%) | 23 (88.5%) | 53 (89.8%) | 74 (87.1%) | 118 (85.5%) | 0.864 |
| Lipid-lowering treatment, N (%) | 239 (12.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 21 (4.1%)* | 61 (14.0%)*† | 157 (33.3%)*†‡ | <0.001 |
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range 25%−75%), or number with a percentage.
*
vs. group 1,
†
vs. group 2, and
‡
vs. group 3.
One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test, and chi-square test were used for comparisons among the four groups.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.