Table 2. Results of Linear Mixed Effect Model Analysis of Neuropsychological Tests.
| Neuropsychological test | Group effect | Time effect | Group×time | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | β (95% CI) | p value | |
| Digit span forward | −0.55 (−1.23, 0.14) | 0.114 | −0.08 (−0.35, 0.20) | 0.584 | −0.21 (−0.73, 0.31) | 0.432 |
| Digit span backward | −0.08 (−0.22, 0.06) | 0.266 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.05) | 0.557 | 0.14 (0.02, 0.25) | 0.027 |
| K-BNT | 0.98 (−4.36, 6.33) | 0.714 | −3.16 (−4.48, −1.85) | <0.001 | −0.72 (−3.18, 1.74) | 0.567 |
| RCFT copy | −0.33 (−1.06, 0.40) | 0.370 | −0.46 (−0.69, −0.22) | <0.001 | 0.13 (−0.32, 0.58) | 0.564 |
| SVLT immediate recall | 0.60 (−1.79, 3.00) | 0.615 | −0.89 (−1.64, −0.14) | 0.020 | −0.12 (−1.55, 1.31) | 0.868 |
| SVLT delayed recall | −0.04 (−0.26, 0.17) | 0.702 | −0.13 (−0.23, −0.03) | 0.010 | 0.05 (−0.14, 0.24) | 0.638 |
| SVLT recognition | 0.44 (−1.00, 1.88) | 0.543 | −0.91 (−1.56, −0.26) | 0.007 | −0.35 (−1.60, 0.90) | 0.588 |
| RCFT immediate recall | 0.01 (−0.34, 0.35) | 0.967 | −0.24 (−0.37, −0.11) | <0.001 | −0.01 (−0.26, 0.24) | 0.928 |
| RCFT delayed recall | 0.02 (−0.33, 0.38) | 0.892 | −0.28 (−0.42, −0.13) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.41, 0.17) | 0.415 |
| RCFT recognition | 0.29 (−1.09, 1.68) | 0.670 | −0.24 (−0.85, 0.37) | 0.434 | 0.08 (−1.09, 1.25) | 0.897 |
| COWAT animal | −0.34 (−2.28, 1.60) | 0.729 | −1.17 (−1.99, −0.36) | 0.006 | 0.98 (−0.58, 2.54) | 0.225 |
| COWAT supermarket | 0.50 (−1.73, 2.73) | 0.656 | −1.71 (−3.12, −0.30) | 0.018 | 1.41 (−1.33, 4.15) | 0.318 |
| COWAT phonemic | −1.80 (−6.51, 2.92) | 0.448 | −2.08 (−4.23, 0.06) | 0.057 | 3.37 (−0.70, 7.44) | 0.113 |
| Stroop color reading | −5.63 (−22.40, 11.15) | 0.504 | −6.35 (−11.19, −1.51) | 0.011 | 7.43 (−1.58, 16.44) | 0.113 |
| DSC | −4.90 (−14.42, 4.62) | 0.307 | −5.47 (−8.01, −2.93) | <0.001 | −0.46 (−5.22, 4.30) | 0.851 |
| K-TMT-E-B time | 32.15 (−21.75, 86.05) | 0.237 | 21.02 (−3.88, 45.92) | 0.095 | 4.02 (−44.15, 52.19) | 0.871 |
| MMSE | −0.83 (−2.73, 1.08) | 0.388 | −2.04 (−2.87, −1.22) | <0.001 | −0.32 (−1.96, 1.32) | 0.695 |
| CDR sum of boxes | 0.29 (−0.67, 1.25) | 0.542 | 1.05 (0.65, 1.46) | <0.001 | −0.29 (−1.07, 0.49) | 0.467 |
β, beta coefficient; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; CI, confidence interval; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; DSC, Digit Symbol Coding; K-BNT, Korean version of the Boston Naming Test; K-TMT-E-B, Korean Trail Making Test-Elderly version part B; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; RCFT, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; SVLT, Seoul Verbal Learning Test.
The terms for time were defined as 0 for baseline and 1 for 12-month follow-up.