TABLE 2.
Studies reporting increased level of caspase-9 in neurodegenerative pathologies.
| Disease (n) | Controls (n) | Casp9 Measured | Detection Method | Tissue Examined | Pathological Casp9 Localization | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSA (10) | Normal (8) | D330 cl-casp9 | IHC | Basal ganglia, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla (postmortem) | Oligodendrocytes, neurons, glia | Kawamoto et al. (2016) |
| ALS (5–8) | Cerebrovascular disease w/o spinal cord pathology (3–5) | Unspecified cl-casp9 | IHC | Spinal cord, anterior horn (postmortem) | Motor neurons | Inoue et al. (2003) |
| Caspase activity | LEHD-cleavage | |||||
| ALS (30) | Tension-type headache (30) | Total casp9 | ELISA | Serum | -- | Ilzecka (2012) |
| AD (7) | Normal (7) | D315 cl-casp9 | IHC | Hippocampus, frontal cortex (postmortem) | Neurons, neurofibrillary tangles | Rohn et al. (2002) |
| AD (50) aMCI (50) | Normal (50) | Full-length casp9 | Western blot | Blood | Platelet rich plasma | Zhao et al. (2016) |
| HD (19) | Normal (6) | D330 cl-casp9 | Western blot, IHC | Striatum (postmortem) | Neuropil, neurons | Kiechle et al. (2002) |
| TBI (9) | Normal (5) | Unspecified cl-casp9 | ELISA | CSF | -- | Darwish and Amiridze (2010) |
| TBI-severe (45) | Normal (25) | Total casp9 | ELISA | CSF | -- | Jiang et al. (2020) |
MSA, Multiple system atrophy; ALS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; aMCI, amnesic mild cognitive impairment; HD, Huntington’s disease; TBI, Traumatic brain injury.