Table 1.

PICOS (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, study design) framework (adapted from Methley et al [25]).

Framework	Description	Inclusion	Exclusion
Population	Health professionals who received medical education	Health professionals, nursing and midwifery professionals, modern health associate professionals, nursing and midwifery associate professionals	Health management and support workers who are not in health service provisioning
Intervention	Head-mounted displays based on virtual reality, augmented reality, or mixed reality	Head-mounted displays of all kinds that include glasses or goggles	Devices that are not head-mounted displays
Comparison	Modern vs traditional methods for medical education to evaluate effectiveness of XRa tools	Books, pen and paper, chalkboard, face-to-face teaching, traditional lectures	No evaluation of the effectiveness of XR devices
Outcome	Improved or not improved learning outcome	Concrete learning outcome/evaluation of effectiveness in learning	No concrete outcome
Study	Literature in English, published between Jan 1 to May 31, 2019	Literature as identified via the search strategy	Literature reviews, meta-analyses, opinion papers; non-English literature; literature published before Jan 1, 2014, and after May 31, 2019

^aXR: extended reality.