Table 1. 3D printing applications for radiology.

S. No	Applications	Description	References
Abbreviations: 3D, three-dimensional; CT/MRI, computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging.
1	Physical 3D model of medical image	A radiologist can take full advantage of this technology to create a patient-specific physical 3D model from medical imaging Radiologists can now print the patient's imaging data in a 3D physical model to solve complex surgical problems and develop better training processes 3D medical model printed by this technology provides precise and appropriate information as compared with CT/MRI	39–42
2	Colorful tissue and organ 3D model	3D printing plays a major role to create a colorful patient-specific model of organ and tissue With the application of this technology, detailed information is quickly available 3D printed model can be sectioned to enhance clarity during the treatment process It is useful to analyze the biological functions of organs A colorful model of tissue and organs provides a physical feeling about the ongoing situation of the patient disease	43–45
3	Helpful to identified abnormalities	It identifies apparent abnormalities as compared with imaging techniques A radiologist can use this technology for preoperative planning during the transplantation of the patient body part It identifies the correct defect with the help of 3D printed model It is useful to provide clarity during the planning and treatment process of any abnormalities	45–48
4	Communications	3D printed patient-specific model is suitable to understand patient anatomy as compared with a 2D scan A radiologist can take advantage of this 3D model for better communication with patients, their family, and surgical teams It provides accurate communication during presurgical planning It creates an innovative way to communicate new ideas regarding the better treatment process	49–54
5	Identify heart defect	3D printing applications are for congenital heart disease It is used to provide proper information regarding the blockage in the heart It is useful for the analysis of blood flowing in the heart and specific diagnosis process Its applications are also applied to identify cardiac abnormalities like cardiac tumors and ventricular aneurysms It is used to identify the heart diseases of the complex anatomy of the patient	54–57
6	In teaching and learning	3D printing proves the best tool for teaching and learning for medical students This is helpful for better radiological education with proper learning of complex human anatomy The proper learning of soft and hard tissue is easily provided with the help of a patient-specific 3D printed model 3D printing technology reported high satisfaction to enhance the medical teaching and learning process	58–62
7	Patient pathology	This technology is used to understand and analyze the patient-specific pathology It helps to identify and facilitates complex surgical problems Models printed by this technology are helpful to understand the musculoskeletal pathologies and vascular anatomy It is useful to study various types of disease and explain them in a better way	63–67
8	To identify the tumor	3D printing expands its capability to identify the tumor in the patient body Doctors can also examine the growth of a tumor and can achieve better ideas for the treatment, and they can make comparative analysis by comparing two 3D printed model, developed at a different time of the disease It is useful to identify the mini tumor with accurate size This technology also used to test tumor for different drugs It is useful for better planning regarding kidney cancer surgery	68–70
9	Printing of blood vessel	This technology is used to print blood pool and vessels, which provide innovative ideas to the radiologist 3D printing is useful to increase the rate of success during the transplantation of heart It is an essential tool to create an artificial blood vessel that can save a patient from cardiovascular disease It is also applicable to fabricate multilayer blood vessels with multimaterials	71–73
10	Blood flow dynamic	It is used for the proper analysis of blood flow dynamics, which helps to predict the symptom of heart attack accurately 3D printed models are helping to perform experimental flow studies High-resolution 3D models printed by this technology are used to visualize blood flow in a patient body It provides detailed information as compared with 2D medical images	76–79
11	Evidence-based guidelines	3D printing provides an innovative concept to the radiologist through evidence-based guidelines It is used to perform appropriate anatomic modeling for clinical trial 3D printed medical models improve the daily work of medical professionals It enables doctors to create better fitting and higher performing implants	74–77
12	Complex studies	It is helpful for complex cases by which 3D printed model provides better-detailed information It provides appropriate clinical indications to the radiologist This technology creates patient anatomy for appropriate planning of surgery It is used to manufacture complex medical geometry for complicated medical case	78–81