Table 1.
Baseline characteristics table
| Covariates | All patients (n=448) | No AKI (n=330) | Community-acquired AKI (n=57) | Hospital-acquired AKI (n=61) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-admission factors | General | Male | 246 (54.8) | 173 (52.4) | 36 (61.2) | 37 (60.7) |
| Age† | 69.4 (16.2) | 69.4 (16.6) | 72.0 (13.9) | 66.7 (15.7) | ||
| Clinical frailty score† | 4.2 (1.9) | 4.17 (1.9) | 4.8 (1.9)* | 4 (1.89) | ||
| Comorbidities | Chronic kidney disease | 45 (10) | 25 (7.6) | 11 (19.3)* | 9 (14.8) | |
| CV diseasea | 186 (41.4) | 139 (42.1) | 27 (47.4) | 20 (32.8) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 92 (20.5) | 72 (21.8) | 14 (24.6) | 6 (9.8)+ | ||
| Heart failure | 40 (8.9) | 24 (7.3) | 9 (15.8) | 7 (11.5) | ||
| Hypertension | 195 (43.4) | 143 (43.3) | 30 (52.6) | 22 (36.1) | ||
| Diabetes | 117 (26.1) | 76 (23.0) | 22 (38.6)* | 19 (31.2) | ||
| Respiratory diseaseb | 106 (23.6) | 74 (22.4) | 17 (29.8) | 15 (24.6) | ||
| Obesity | 100 (22.3) | 75 (22.7) | 9 (15.8) | 16 (26.2) | ||
| Pre-admission drugs | ACEI/ARB | 109 (24.3) | 81 (24.6) | 14 (24.6) | 14 (23.0) | |
| Loop diuretics | 68 (15.0) | 48 (14.6) | 9 (15.8) | 11 (18.0) | ||
| Admission factors | Admission bloods | Admission CRP‡ | 79 (32, 153) | 76. (29, 133) | 113 (49, 210)* | 85 (22, 170) |
| Admission lymphocytes‡ | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | ||
| Admission urea Cr ratio† | 94.4 (39.0) | 93.9 (36.3) | 97.7 (36.5) | 94.2 (53.2) | ||
| Admission observations | Heart rate† | 91.6 (19.2) | 90.7 (19.1) | 95.9 (20.8) | 92.3 (17.4) | |
| Systolic BP† | 129.5 (22.8) | 130.6 (21.6) | 120.6 (29.3)* | 131.5 (20.8) | ||
| Respiratory rate† | 22.5 (6.6) | 22.1 (6.2) | 24.8 (7.9)* | 22.6 (7.3) | ||
| Oxygen saturation‡ | 96 (93, 97) | 96 (93, 97) | 94 (93, 96)* | 96 (93, 97) | ||
| Temperature† | 37.4 (1.1) | 37.4 (1.0) | 37.3 (1.3) | 37.4 (1.0) | ||
| COVID-19 acquisition | Community-acquired | 394 (87.9) | 294 (89.1) | 57 (100) | 43 (70.5) | |
| Hospital-acquired | 54 (12.1) | 36 (10.9) | 0 (0) | 18 (29.5) | ||
| Inpatients factors | Inpatient bloods | Peak CRP‡ | 140 (77, 239) | 123 (65, 218) | 196 (120, 287) | 217 (116, 290)+ |
| Trough lymphocytes‡ | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.3 (0.5, 0.7)+ | ||
| Inpatient observations | Trough systolic BP† | 99.8 (14.3) | 101.9 (13.3) | 93.7 (16.0) | 93.0 (14.7)+ | |
| Peak heart rate† | 109.6 (19.2) | 107.5 (18.1) | 113.4 (20.0) | 118.5 (21.9)+ | ||
| Peak O2 flow rate‡ | 4 (0, 13.5) | 3 (0, 8) | 6 (2, 15) | 10 (1.3, 15)+ | ||
| Inpatient drugs | ACEI/ARB | 60 (13.3) | 52 (15.8) | 3 (5.3) | 5 (8.2) | |
| Loop diuretics | 104 (23.2) | 66 (20) | 12 (21.1) | 26 (42.6) | ||
| IV fluids on admission | 269 (60.0) | 189 (57.3) | 46 (80.7) | 34 (55.7) | ||
| Organ support | Critical care admission | 62 (13.8) | 29 (8.8) | 11 (19.3) | 22 (36.1)+ | |
| IMV | 52 (11.6) | 19 (5.8) | 10 (17.5) | 23 (37.7)+ | ||
| NIV alone | 27 (6.0) | 20 (6.1) | 4 (7.0) | 3 (4.9) | ||
| Vasopressors | 64 (14.3) | 32 (9.7) | 10 (17.5) | 22 (36.1)+ | ||
| RRT | 14 (3.1) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (5.3) | 10 (16.4)+ | ||
| Peak AKI stage | AKI stage 1 | 65 (14.5) | N/A | 28 (49.1) | 37 (60.7) | |
| AKI stage 2 | 22 (4.9) | N/A | 13 (22.8) | 9 (14.8) | ||
| AKI stage 3 | 31 (6.9) | N/A | 16 (28.1) | 15 (24.6) | ||
| Outcomes | Still an inpatient | 40 (8.9) | 28 (8.5) | 1 (1.8) | 11 (18.0) | |
| Discharged | 275 (61.4) | 225 (68.2) | 31 (54.4) | 19 (31.2)+ | ||
| Died | 161 (35.9) | 97 (29.4) | 30 (52.6)* | 34 (55.7)+ | ||
| Length of stay in days‡ | 7 (4, 14) | 7 (3, 13) | 7 (3.8, 13) | 16.5 (7.3, 33)+ |
Values are presented as n (proportion) unless specified in the covariate columns:†indicates values presented as mean (standard deviation) and‡indicates values presented as median (interquartile range).
*Denotes a significant difference (p<0.05) when comparing AKI present on admission (community-acquired AKI) to no AKI present on admission to hospital by univariate analysis.
+Denotes a significance difference (p<0.05) when comparing hospital-acquired AKI to no AKI during admission by univariate analysis.
aCardiovascular disease includes ischaemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
bRespiratory disease includes asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiectasis.
Abbreviations:CV cardiovascular;ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor;ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker;CRP C-reactive protein;BP blood pressure;IMV invasive mechanical ventilation;NIV non-invasive ventilation;RRT renal replacement therapy;Cr creatinine