Table 1.

Frameworks that were used as basis for the MHH catalog.

Framework	IMIA (International Medical Informatics Association) 6
Level	Postgraduates
Domains	1) BMHI core knowledge and skills 2) Medicine, health and biosciences, health system organization 3) Informatics/computer science, mathematics, biometry 4) Optional modules in BMHI and from related fields
Framework	IMIA+ (mixed-methods study, United Kingdom) 16
Level	Postgraduates
Domains	1) Information governance and security 2) System use and clinician safety 3) Digital communication 4) Information and knowledge management 5) Patient empowerment 6) Emerging technologies
Framework	NKLM-MI (catalog of the GMDS*)17,18
Level	Undergraduates
Domains	1) Medical information management and communication 2) Medical classification systems and terminologies 3) Information systems in health care 4) Apps, clinical decision support and artificial intelligence 5) Telemedicine and telematics 6) Data protection and regulatory requirements 7) Access to medical knowledge 8) Medical signal and image processing 9) Other
Framework	NKLM** (German catalog of learning objectives) 13
Level	Undergraduates
Domains	The framework for medical undergraduate education in Germany comprises 21 chapters. Seven of these chapters are orientated with respect to the key professional roles of a physician according to the CANMEDS framework. 19 The recently amended NKLM version (NKLM 2.0) includes concrete learning outcomes with regard to digital competencies.

^*GMDS: German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, its catalog is named NKLM-MI: (in German), Nationaler Kompetenzbasierter Lernzielkatalog Medizin—Medizinische Informatik.

^**NKLM: national competencies-based catalog of learning objectives.