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. 2020 Dec 24;15(4):372–391. doi: 10.1177/1559827620972035

Table 3.

VITAL Vitamin D Intervention: Summary of Key Subgroup Findings.

Total invasive cancer
 • No significant interaction by sex
 • No significant interaction by race/ethnicity (signal for greater benefit in African Americans)
 • Significant interaction by body mass index (reduction in those with healthy weights but not in those with elevated body mass index)
Major cardiovascular disease events a
 • No significant interaction by sex
 • No significant interaction by race/ethnicity
All-cause mortality
 • No significant interaction by sex
 • No significant interaction by race/ethnicity
Other endpoints
 • Colorectal adenoma
  ° No significant interaction by sex or race/ethnicity
 • Advanced colorectal adenoma
  ° Significant interaction by baseline 25(OH)D level (greater benefit in those with levels below 30 ng/mL)
 • Bone mineral density
  ° No significant interaction by sex or race/ethnicity
  ° Significant interaction by baseline free 25(OH)D level: (greater benefit in those with levels below the median)
 • Chronic knee pain
  ° No significant interaction by sex or race/ethnicity
 • Falls
  ° No significant interaction by sex or race/ethnicity
  ° No significant interaction by body mass index (signal for greater benefit in those with healthy weights but not in those with elevated body mass index)
 • Depression
  ° No significant interaction by sex or race/ethnicity
  ° No significant interaction by body mass index (signal for greater benefit in those with healthy weights but not in those with elevated body mass index)
 • Chronic kidney disease in individuals with diabetes
  ° No significant interaction by race/ethnicity
a

A composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality.