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. 2021 Jul 15;13(7):638–661. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i7.638

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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An overview of systems-level biomarkers. A: An overview of systems-level biomarkers in terms of diagnostics and prognostics from a variety of “omics” levels; B: Events recorded in history for omics and drug repositioning studies. LRG1: Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; ITIH: Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain family member 4; HPX: Hemopexin; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CRC: Colorectal cancer; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.