Table 1.
Diagnostic biomarkers found in colorectal cancer
|
Diagnostic biomarker
|
Molecular level
|
Sample
|
Expression
|
Ref.
|
| Actin Beta-Like 2 | Protein | Fresh frozen tissue | ↑ | Ghazanfar et al[30], 2017 |
| Dipeptidase 1 | Protein | Fresh frozen tissue | ↑ | Hao et al[31], 2017 |
| Olfamectomedin-4 | Protein | FFPE tissue | ↑ | Quesada-Calvo et al[32], 2017 |
| Kininogen-1 | ||||
| Transport Protein Sec-24 | ||||
| Cyclophilin A | Protein | FFPE tissue | ↑ | Yamamoto et al[33], 2016 |
| Annexin A2 | ||||
| Aldolase A | ||||
| Leucine-Rich Alpha-2 Glycoprotein 1 | Protein | Serum | ↑ | Ivancic et al[36], 2020 |
| Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor | ||||
| Hemopexin | ||||
| Superoxide Dismutase 3 | ||||
| Inter-Alpha-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy-Chain Family Member 4 | ||||
| Mannan Binding Lectin Serine Protease 1 | Protein | Plasma | - | Bhardwaj et al[37], 2019 |
| Osteopontin | ||||
| Serum Paraoxonase Lactonase 3 | ||||
| Transferrin Receptor Protein 1 | ||||
| Amphiregulin | ||||
| Adipophilin | Protein | Plasma | - | Matsubara et al[41], 2011 |
| Caldesmon 1 | Protein | Fresh Frozen Tissue | - | Ilyas et al[34], 2020 |
| Catenin Beta 1 | ||||
| C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 14 | ||||
| Protein patched homolog 1 | ||||
| Interleukin-8, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced protein 3, Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase | ||||
| Mitogen-activated protein kinase | ||||
| Adenomatous polyposis coli | ||||
| Zinc finger protein | ||||
| Serine/Threonine Kinase 4 | Protein | Serum | ↓ | Yu et al[38], 2017 |
| Macrophage mannose receptor 1 | Protein | ↑ | Fan et al[39], 2016 | |
| S100 calcium binding protein | ||||
| Alpha-1-antitrypsin | Protein | Serum | ↑ | Peltier et al[40], 2016 |
| Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin | ||||
| Anti- Thombin 3 | Protein | Serum | ↓ | Peltier et al[40], 2016 |
| 3- Hydroxybutyric Acid | Serum | ↑ | Ma et al[43], 2012 | |
| Microtubule Actin Crosslinking Factor 1 | Protein | Serum | ↑ | Ma et al[43], 2012 |
| L-Valine | Amino acid | Serum | ↓ | Ma et al[43], 2012 |
| L-Threonine | ||||
| 1-Deoxyglucose | ||||
| Glycine | ||||
| Apolipoprotein H | Protein | Serum | ↓ | Ma et al[43], 2012 |
| Alpha-2-Macroglobulin | ||||
| Immunoglobulin Lambda Locus | ||||
| Vitamin-D-binding protein | ||||
| Acetoacetate, Guanidinoacetate | Amino acid | Urine | ↑/High | Wang et al[48], 2017 |
| Cis-aconitate, Trans-aconitate, Glutamine | ||||
| Homocysteine | ||||
| Creatinine, Phosphorylcholine | Amino acid | Urine | ↓/Low | Wang et al[48], 2017 |
| Dimethyl sulfone, Asparagine, Alanine | ||||
| Isocitrate, Hippurate, Methylamine | ||||
| Cysteine, Phenylalanine | ||||
| Isoleucine, β-Hydroxybutyrate, lactate, acetate, glutamate, choline, glycine, serine, glucose | Amino acid | Biopsy | High | Nishiumi et al[46], 2012 |
| Taurine, alanine, β –Aminoisobutyrate, valine | Amino acid | Urine | High | Kim et al[47], 2019 |
| Threonine, glycerol, hippurate, ascorbate, creatinine and citrate | Amino acid | Urine | Less | Kim et al[47], 2019 |
| Proline, succinate, isoleucine, leucine valine, alanine, glutamate, dimethylglycine and lactate | Amino acid | Fecal | High | Lin et al[44], 2019 |
| Short Chain Fatty Acids, (acetate, propionate and butyrate), glucose, glutamine | Amino acid | Fecal | Less | Lin et al[44], 2019 |
| Sphinganine, endocannabinoids | Serum | High | Martín-Blázquez et al[51], 2019 | |
| CRCAL-4, CRCAL-3, CRCAL-2 (Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 858), and CRCAL-1 | lncRNA | CRC cell line | ↑ | Yamada et al[27], 2018 |
| NONHSAT074176.2 | lncRNA | Fresh frozen tissue | ↓ | Zhang et al[28], 2018 |
| CircDDX17 | lncRNA | Fresh frozen tissue | Dysregylated | Li et al[29], 2018 |
| Syndecan 2 | Gene | Fresh frozen tissue | ↑ | Oh et al[20], 2013 |
| PHOX1B, Glutamic acid de-carboxylase 2, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 12 | Gene | Fresh frozen tissue | ↑ | Li et al[21], 2012 |
| Visual System Homeobox 2 | Gene | Neoplastic colonic tissue | ↑ | Mori et al[22], 2011 |
CRC: Colorectal cancer.