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. 2021 Jun 28;11(7):1916. doi: 10.3390/ani11071916

Table 2.

Effect of nanominerals on the ruminant’s reproduction.

Element Dose Species Major Effects
SeNPs
[70]		 1.0 µg/mL Bull

  • Improved post-thawing kinematic and morphologic sperm quality

  • Decreased apoptotic and necrotic sperm cells

  • Improved seminal plasma & antioxidant status

  • Increasing in vivo fertility rate
ZnNPs
[68]		 10−6, 10−2 molar/mL Bull

  • Increasing levels of Zn-nano-complex

  • Improved plasma membrane functionality and mitochondrial activity

  • No deleterious effect on motility parameters
ZnNPs
[48]		 10−6, 10−2 M Bull

  • Promoted Plasma membrane integrity

  • Increased live spermatozoa with active mitochondria
ZnNPs
[74]		 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg Rams

  • Improved epididymal semen quality, and seminal plasma
SeNPs
[13]		 0.3 mg/kg Bucks

  • Reduced sperm abnormality rate, abnormalities in the mitochondria of the midpiece of spermatozoa

  • Enhanced the testis Se content
ZnONPs
[74]		 80 ppm level Arabic Ram

  • Increased the functionality of sperm membrane
CuONPs and ZnONPs Abdel-Halim et al., 2018 [75] 0, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0 or 1.5 μg/mL In vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes

  • 7 and 1.0 μg/mL of CuONPs or ZnONPs decreased DNA damage and increased glutathione concentrations in oocytes and cumulus, blastocyst rates

  • 1.5 μg/mL of CuONPs or ZnO-NPs had detrimental effects on the developmental competence of bovin oocytes
SeNPs, Sodium Selenite, and L-Selenomethionine [79] 0.6 mg/head/day Late preganat goats

  • Se NPs increased total Se content of the whole blood and serum

  • L-Selenomethionine increased placental and colostral transfer of Se into kids
SeNPs [80] 1 µg/mL Camel

  • Improved the progressive motility, vitality and ultrastructural morphology

  • Decreased apoptosis of frozen semen
ZnONPs [81] 50 µg/mL Camel

  • Improved sperm membrane integrity
SeNPs, [82] 2 μg/mL Ram

  • Increased sperm motility
SeNPs
[83]		 0.5 and 1 μg/mL Ram

  • Positive effects were observed on motility, acrosome protection and preservation of sperm membrane integrity
SeNPs
[82,83]		 0.5, 1 µg/mL Ram

  • SeNPs (0.5 and 1 µg/mL) improved sperm motility, viability index, and membrane integrity

SeNPs = selenium nanoparticles, ZnNPs = zinc nanoparticles, ZnONPs = zinc oxide nanoparticles, and CuONPs = copper oxide nanoparticles.