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. 2021 Jun 28;11(7):1925. doi: 10.3390/ani11071925

Table 2.

Total, individual and group treatment number of animal daily doses per animal (nADDa) are reported as mean ± standard deviation (sd) (median, max) for each parameter of the categorical variables analyzed in 26 fattening operations located in northwestern Italy. Most characteristics are reported as present (“Yes”) or absent (“No”); except for “Maximal weight difference between average batch weight at arrival (kg)”, “Bedding removal in fattening area” and “Bedding removal in fattening area”, which were divided in 3 groups.

Parameters Category n° Farms Percent Mean of nADDa ± SD (Median, Max)
Total Treatments Single Treatments Group Treatments
Purchase at least the 10% of females Yes 10 38.5% 3.2 ± 2.1 (3.2, 8.3) 1.2 ± 0.8 (1.2, 2.6) 2.1 ± 2 (1.6, 6.8)
No 16 61.5% 2.9 ± 2.1 (2.5, 8.2) 1.4 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.5 ± 1.8 (0.8, 6)
Maximal weight difference between batches’ average weight at arrival (kg) <50 7 26.9% 3.1 ± 2.6 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 1 (1.6, 3) 1.8 ± 2.4 (1, 6.8)
50–100 13 50% 3.2 ± 2.3 (2.6, 8.2) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.4, 2.6) 1.9 ± 2 (1.2, 6)
>100 6 23.1% 2.4 ± 1.2 (2.5, 3.8) 1.2 ± 0.5 (1.2, 1.7) 1.2 ± 1 (1.1, 2.5)
Pre-arrival health information Yes 1 3.8% 7 1.6 5.4
No 25 96.2% 2.8 ± 2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.4, 3) 1.6 ± 1.8 (1, 6.8)
Thorough physical examination at arrival Yes 8 30.8% 2.5 ± 1.2 (2.5, 4.4) 0.9 ± 0.4 (0.9, 1.6) 1.6 ± 1.2 (1.5, 3.9)
No 18 69.2% 3.2 ± 2.4 (2.8, 8.3) 1.4 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.8 ± 2.1 (0.9, 6.8)
Vaccination against bacteria Yes 23 88.5% 3 ± 2.2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.4, 3) 1.8 ± 2 (1, 6.8)
No 3 11.5% 2.7 ± 1.2 (2.3, 4) 1.2 ± 0.7 (1.6, 1.6) 1.5 ± 0.9 (1.2, 2.4)
More than 1 days between arrival and vaccination Yes 10 38.5% 2.8 ± 2.3 (2.1, 8.3) 1.1 ± 0.8 (0.9, 3) 1.7 ± 2.2 (1.1, 6.8)
No 16 61.5% 3.1 ± 2.1 (2.9, 8.2) 1.4 ± 0.6 (1.5, 2.6) 1.7 ± 1.7 (1.1, 6)
Parasiticides at arrival Yes 23 88.5% 2.7 ± 2 (2.3, 8.3) 1.2 ± 0.7 (1.1, 3) 1.5 ± 1.8 (0.8, 6.8)
No 3 11.5% 5.1 ± 2.8 (4, 8.2) 1.9 ± 0.3 (1.7, 2.2) 3.3 ± 2.4 (2.4, 6)
Regular antimicrobial prophylactic/metaphylactic treatment at arrival Yes 15 57.7% 3.9 ± 2.3 (3.5, 8.3) 1.2 ± 0.6 (1.5, 2.2) 2.6 ± 2 (2, 6.8)
No 11 42.3% 1.8 ± 1.1 (1.5, 4.4) 1.3 ± 0.9 (1.1, 3) 0.5 ± 0.6 (0.1, 1.8)
Presence of a cattle crush Yes 9 34.6% 3.5 ± 2.6 (3.5, 8.2) 1.3 ± 0.5 (1.5, 2.2) 2.2 ± 2.2 (2, 6)
No 17 65.4% 2.7 ± 1.9 (2.6, 8.3) 1.2 ± 0.8 (1.4, 3) 1.5 ± 1.7 (0.8, 6.8)
Animal handling corridor Yes 15 57.7% 3.2 ± 2.1 (3, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.9 ± 2 (1.4, 6.8)
No 11 42.3% 2.8 ± 2.2 (2.3, 8.2) 1.3 ± 0.8 (1.4, 2.6) 1.5 ± 1.7 (0.8, 6)
Specific diet for animals in quarantine Yes 7 26.9% 2.8 ± 2.6 (2, 8.2) 1.2 ± 0.7 (1.5, 2.2) 1.6 ± 2.1 (0.8, 6)
No 19 73.1% 3.1 ± 2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.4, 3) 1.8 ± 1.9 (1.2, 6.8)
Fattening group divided by origin or arrival Yes 5 19.2% 2.3 ± 1.7 (1.2, 4.4) 0.8 ± 0.6 (1, 1.5) 1.5 ± 1.6 (1, 3.9)
No 21 80.8% 3.2 ± 2.2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.4 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.8 ± 2 (1.2, 6.8)
Fattening group divided by weight at arrival Yes 24 92.3% 3 ± 2.2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.7 ± 2 (1, 6.8)
No 2 7.7% 2.4 ± 2 (2.4, 3.8) 0.8 ± 1 (0.8, 1.5) 1.7 ± 0.9 (1.7, 2.3)
Daily check on animal by entering the pen Yes 5 19.2% 3.6 ± 2.2 (2.6, 7) 1.2 ± 0.5 (1.1, 1.8) 2.4 ± 2.2 (1.9, 5.4)
No 21 80.8% 2.9 ± 2.2 (2.3, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.8 (1.5, 3) 1.6 ± 1.8 (1, 6.8)
All sick animals examined by veterinarian before treatment * Yes 9 34.6% 2.1 ± 1.3 (1.5, 4.4) 1.2 ± 0.8 (1.5, 2.6) 0.9 ± 0.8 (0.8, 2.3)
No 17 65.4% 3.5 ± 2.4 (3, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.4, 3) 2.1 ± 2.2 (1.9, 6.8)
Animals moved to infirmary at the first onset clinical signs Yes 5 19.2% 2.2 ± 1.1 (1.7, 3.5) 0.8 ± 0.6 (0.8, 1.5) 1.4 ± 0.6 (1.2, 2)
No 21 80.8% 3.2 ± 2.3 (2.6, 8.3) 1.4 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.8 ± 2.1 (0.8, 6.8)
Mechanical ventilation in closed areas Yes 23 88.5% 3.2 ± 2.2 (3, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.8 ± 2 (1.4, 6.8)
No 3 11.5% 1.7 ± 0.8 (1.3, 2.6) 0.8 ± 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8, 1)
Scraper in at least one area Yes 13 50% 3.2 ± 2.3 (3, 8.2) 1.3 ± 0.8 (1, 3) 1.9 ± 2.1 (1.2, 6)
No 13 50% 2.8 ± 2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 2.6) 1.5 ± 1.7 (1, 6.8)
Open quarantine area Yes 17 65.4% 2.9 ± 2.2 (2.6, 8.2) 1.2 ± 0.7 (1.1, 3) 1.7 ± 1.9 (1.2, 6)
No 9 34.6% 3.1 ± 2.2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.8 (1.5, 2.6) 1.8 ± 2 (1, 6.8)
Isolated quarantine area Yes 23 88.5% 3 ± 2.2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.4, 3) 1.8 ± 2 (1.2, 6.8)
No 3 11.5% 2.5 ± 1.4 (2.6, 3.8) 1.1 ± 0.9 (1.5, 1.8) 1.4 ± 0.8 (1, 2.3)
Paddock in quarantine area Yes 6 23.1% 2.8 ± 2.4 (1.6, 7) 0.9 ± 0.4 (0.9, 1.6) 1.9 ± 2.2 (1, 5.4)
No 20 76.9% 3 ± 2.1 (2.8, 8.3) 1.4 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.7 ± 1.8 (1.2, 6.8)
Scraper in the quarantine area Yes 2 7.7% 2.5 ± 1.4 (2.5, 3.5) 0.9 ± 0.2 (0.9, 1) 1.6 ± 1.3 (1.6, 2.5)
No 24 92.3% 3 ± 2.2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.7 ± 1.9 (1.1, 6.8)
Quarantine disinfection Yes 24 92.3% 3.1 ± 2.2 (2.8, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.4, 3) 1.8 ± 1.9 (1.3, 6.8)
No 2 7.7% 1.3 ± 0.9 (1.3, 2) 1.1 ± 0.6 (1.1, 1.5) 0.2 ± 0.3 (0.2, 0.4)
Open fattening area Yes 3 11.5% 1.5 ± 0.5 (1.3, 2) 1 ± 0.5 (1, 1.6) 0.5 ± 0.4 (0.5, 0.8)
No 23 88.5% 3.2 ± 2.2 (3, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.9 ± 1.9 (1.4, 6.8)
Paddock in fattening area Yes 6 23.1% 3 ± 2.2 (2.8, 7) 1.4 ± 0.9 (1.3, 3) 1.6 ± 2.1 (0.9, 5.4)
No 20 76.9% 3 ± 2.2 (2.5, 8.3) 1.2 ± 0.7 (1.5, 2.6) 1.8 ± 1.9 (1.1, 6.8)
Scraper in fattening area Yes 12 46.2% 3.4 ± 2.4 (3.3, 8.2) 1.3 ± 0.8 (1.2, 3) 2.1 ± 2.1 (1.8, 6)
No 14 53.8% 2.7 ± 2 (2.5, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 2.6) 1.4 ± 1.7 (0.9, 6.8)
Bedding removal in fattening area Scraper 6 23.1% 4.3 ± 2.8 (3.9, 8.2) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 2.2) 3 ± 2.2 (2.4, 6)
Scraper and manual 6 23.1% 2.4 ± 1.4 (2.2, 4.4) 1.2 ± 0.9 (0.9, 3) 1.2 ± 1.6 (0.4, 3.9)
Manual 14 53.8% 2.7 ± 2 (2.5, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 2.6) 1.4 ± 1.7 (0.9, 6.8)
Fattening area disinfection Yes 21 80.8% 3.2 ± 2.3 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.4, 3) 1.9 ± 2 (1.2, 6.8)
No 5 19.2% 2.3 ± 1.6 (2, 4) 1.2 ± 0.5 (1.5, 1.6) 1.2 ± 1.1 (0.6, 2.4)
Depopulation period in fattening area Yes 2 7.7% 5.4 ± 4 (5.4, 8.2) 2 ± 0.3 (2, 2.2) 3.4 ± 3.7 (3.4, 6)
No 24 92.3% 2.8 ± 1.9 (2.5, 8.3) 1.2 ± 0.7 (1.3, 3) 1.6 ± 1.7 (1.1, 6.8)
Open hospital pens Yes 12 46.2% 2.4 ± 1.3 (2.3, 4.4) 1.1 ± 0.6 (1.3, 1.8) 1.3 ± 1.1 (1, 3.9)
No 14 53.8% 3.5 ± 2.6 (2.8, 8.3) 1.4 ± 0.8 (1.5, 3) 2.1 ± 2.3 (1.4, 6.8)
Hospital pens isolated from rest of the barn Yes 8 30.8% 2.4 ± 1.6 (2.2, 4.4) 1.2 ± 0.7 (1.1, 2.6) 1.2 ± 1.3 (1, 3.9)
No 18 69.2% 3.3 ± 2.3 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.9 ± 2.1 (1.1, 6.8)
Paddock in the hospital pens Yes 1 3.8% 1.2 1.1 0.09
No 25 96.2% 3.1 ± 2.2 (2.6, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.7 (1.5 3) 1.8 ± 1.9 (1.2, 6.8)
Scraper in hospital pens Yes 6 23.1% 2.5 ± 2.3 (1.6, 7) 1.2 ± 1 (0.9, 3) 1.2 ± 2.1 (0.4, 5.4)
No 20 76.9% 3.1 ± 2.1 (2.9, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.6 (1.5, 2.6) 1.9 ± 1.8 (1.6, 6.8)
Bedding removing in hospital pens Scraper 3 11.5% 3.4 ± 3.1 (1.7, 7) 0.9 ± 0.6 (0.8, 1.6) 2.4 ± 2.5 (1.2, 5.4)
Scraper and manual 3 11.5% 1.6 ± 1.3 (1.1, 3) 1.6 ± 1.3 (1, 3) 0.03 ± 0.05 (0, 0.08)
Manual 20 77% 3.1 ± 2.1 (2.9, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.6 (1.5, 2.6) 1.9 ± 1.8 (1.6, 6.8)
Hospital pens disinfection Yes 24 92.3% 3.1 ± 2.2 (2.8, 8.3) 1. ± 0.7 (1.5, 3) 1.8 ± 1.9 (1.2, 6.8)
No 2 7.7% 1.2 ± 0.7 (1.2, 1.7) 0.6 ± 0.1 (0.6, 0.7) 0.6 ± 0.9 (0.6, 1.2)
Depopulation period in hospital pens Yes 10 38.5% 3.2 ± 2 (3.1, 8.2) 1.3 ± 0.6 (1.5, 2.2) 2 ± 1.8 (1.6, 6)
No 16 61.5% 2.8 ± 2.2 (2.2, 8.3) 1.3 ± 0.8 (1.3, 3) 1.6 ± 2 (0.8, 6.8)

* Farms in the category “No” did not necessarily treat all animals without a previous clinical examination by a veterinarian, but this possibility was discussed with the practitioner following the farm, who left specific treatment plans for the farmer.