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. 2021 Jun 29;11(7):1937. doi: 10.3390/ani11071937

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The immune-induced signaling pathway of insect antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The Toll signaling pathway is activated by Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, and the immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway is activated by Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. These two signaling pathways act independently and AMP production is induced by transport of a series of necessary proteins into the nucleus.