Table 5.
Blood hematology, biochemical parameters, serum antioxidants, duodenal enzymes and immunity of broilers as affected by dietary supplementation of ZnNPs, CurNPs, and Bacillus licheniformis. (n = 6).
| Serum Parameters | Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | SEM | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematological | |||||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 6.90 bc | 7.00 b | 7.20 ab | 7.00 b | 7.00 b | 7.20 ab | 7.30 a | 0.051 | <0.0001 |
| MCH (P/g) | 22.90 c | 23.00 bc | 23.80 b | 23.00 bc | 22.90 c | 24.00 ab | 25.10 a | 0.279 | <0.0001 |
| MCV (Fl) | 63.00 d | 63.50 c | 64.00 bc | 63.80 c | 64.50 b | 65.00 ab | 66.50 a | 0.405 | <0.0001 |
| MCHC (g/d) | 33.22 cd | 33.90 c | 34.50 b | 34.00 bc | 33.50 c | 35.10 ab | 35.50 a | 0.285 | <0.0001 |
| PCV (%) | 22.25 c | 22.50 bc | 25.20 ab | 21.50 cd | 23.00 b | 24.50 b | 25.90 a | 0.579 | <0.0001 |
| RBC (×106/U L) | 3.30 b | 3.40 b | 3.60 ab | 2.50 c | 3.40 b | 3.50 ab | 3.80 a | 0.144 | <0.0001 |
| WBC (×103 j/L) | 4.00 a | 4.00 a | 3.25 c | 2.10 d | 3.50 b | 3.12 bc | 4.10 a | 0.251 | <0.0001 |
| Platelets (103 j/L) | 210 cd | 212 c | 215 bc | 199 e | 219 b | 205 d | 225 a | 3.027 | <0.0001 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 72.00 bc | 67.10 d | 73.10 b | 72.10 bc | 72.12 bc | 70.31 c | 75.12 a | 0.877 | <0.0001 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 21.00 d | 21.10 d | 27.12 b | 25.60 c | 29.12 ab | 23.10 cd | 30.12 a | 1.286 | <0.0001 |
| Basophils (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.10 b | 1.20 b | 0.90 bc | 1.50 a | 0.228 | <0.0001 |
| Monocytes (%) | 0.30 d | 0.40 d | 1.90 bc | 0.90 c | 2.30 b | 2.50 ab | 2.80 a | 0.363 | <0.0001 |
| Eosinophils (%) | 4.30 b | 4.50 ab | 3.80 c | 4.30 b | 4.50 ab | 4.10 c | 5.13 a | 0.135 | <0.0001 |
| Biochemical | |||||||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.12 bc | 6.11 bc | 6.22 bc | 6.30 ab | 6.10 b | 6.50 a | 6.01 bc | 0.069 | <0.0001 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 4.50 d | 4.90 d | 5.80 b | 6.50 a | 5.12 c | 5.10 c | 6.30 ab | 0.266 | <0.0001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.20 cd | 3.50 c | 4.10 b | 4.10 b | 4.00 b | 4.20 ab | 4.50 a | 0.153 | <0.0001 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 2.10 d | 2.50 c | 2.60 c | 2.40 cd | 2.50 c | 3.05 b | 3.60 a | 0.171 | <0.0001 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 105 a | 99 d | 95 d | 100 c | 103 b | 100 c | 90.00 e | 1.755 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.20 c | 2.40 c | 3.50 a | 3.20 ab | 3.05 b | 3.05 b | 3.50 a | 0.177 | <0.0001 |
| AST (U/I) | 23.12 c | 25.42 bc | 25.12 bc | 35.12 a | 27.05 b | 34.22 ab | 20.10 c | 1.948 | <0.0001 |
| ALT (U/I) | 20.14 c | 16.10 d | 19.01 c | 25.22 ab | 23.23 b | 26.14 a | 18.10 cd | 1.309 | <0.0001 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 5.12 a | 4.20 b | 3.90 c | 5.01 a | 4.25 b | 3.99 c | 4.10 bc | 0.161 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.20 a | 1.10 ab | 0.90 c | 1.05 b | 1.01 b | 0.98 bc | 0.70 c | 0.056 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.10 ab | 4.20 a | 4.05 b | 4.20 a | 4.04 c | 4.15 bc | 4.12 c | 0.030 | <0.0001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.40 ab | 3.50 a | 1.70 c | 3.40 ab | 1.70 c | 2.40 b | 1.60 c | 0.310 | <0.0001 |
| VLDL (mmol/L) | 0.44 ab | 0.45 a | 0.30 b | 0.28 c | 0.17 | 0.32 ab | 0.25 c | 0.035 | <0.0001 |
| Oxidative enzymes | |||||||||
| GSH | 1.10 d | 1.30 c | 1.30 c | 1.20 cd | 1.50 b | 1.70 ab | 1.80 a | 0.091 | <0.0001 |
| GSR | 1.30 d | 1.50 cd | 1.60 c | 1.35 cd | 1.80 b | 1.90 ab | 2.00 a | 0.095 | <0.0001 |
| GST | 1.40 cd | 1.60 c | 1.60 c | 1.31 cd | 1.80 b | 2.00 b | 2.30 a | 0.121 | <0.0001 |
| SOD | 1.50 e | 1.70 d | 1.80 cd | 1.90 c | 2.40 b | 2.50 ab | 2.70 a | 0.160 | <0.0001 |
| MDA | 17.90 a | 17.10 ab | 16.80 b | 16.20 bc | 16.20 bc | 14.50 c | 13.10 d | 0.575 | <0.0001 |
| Duodenal Enzyme activity | |||||||||
| Amylase | 2830 g | 2935 f | 3040 e | 3145 d | 3750 c | 4022 b | 4155 a | 192.42 | <0.0001 |
| Protease | 130 fg | 140 f | 170 e | 180 d | 190 c | 225 b | 234 a | 13.72 | <0.0001 |
| Lipase | 95.00f | 100 e | 111 de | 120 d | 130 c | 140 b | 145 a | 6.75 | <0.0001 |
| Immunoglobulin level | |||||||||
| IgA | 7.50 cd | 7.80 c | 7.90 bc | 8.00 bc | 8.50 b | 9.70 ab | 10.20 a | 0.362 | <0.0001 |
| IgM | 2.50 cd | 2.90 c | 3.00 cd | 3.10 cd | 3.50 c | 3.90 b | 4.50 a | 0.237 | <0.0001 |
| IgG | 13.00 cd | 14.30 c | 15.90 bc | 16.00 bc | 16.00 bc | 17.00 b | 18.90 a | 0.658 | <0.0001 |
Basal diet (Control); T1: basal diet + 3.0 cm3 ZnNPs; T2: basal diet + 5.0 cm3 CurNPs; T3: basal diet + 2.0 cm3 Bl; T4: basal diet + 3.0 cm3 ZnNPs + 2 cm3 BL; T5: basal diet + 3.0 cm3 ZnNPs + 5.0 cm3 CurNPs and T6: basal diet + 3.0 ZnNPs + 5.0 CurNPs + 2.0 cm3 Bl. MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; PCV: packed cell volume; RBCs: red blood cells; WBCs: white blood cells; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; GSH: glutathione; GSR: glutathione reductase; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondealdehyde. IgA: immunoglobulin A; IgM: immunoglobulin M; IgG; immunoglobulin G. SEM: standard error mean. a–g Different letters within one raw are significantly different (p < 0.05).