Table 1.
Summary of toxic effects of some selected pyrethroid pesticides in some fish species.
| Pyrethroids | Exposure Doses | Exposure | Fish Species | Toxic Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bifenthrin (BF) λ-cyhalothrin (λ-CH) |
1, 3, and 10 μg/L | 72 h | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos | Alterations in T4 and T3 levels (disruption of endocrine thyroid system) |
[61] |
| Esfenvalerate | 0.02, 0.2, 2 mg/L | 96 h | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Acceleration hatching time exposed to 2 mg/L Behavioral changes correlated with impaired dopamine signaling |
[42] |
| Permethrin (PM) β-cypermethrin (β-CP) |
0.025, 0.125, and 0.750 μM | 24 h | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Developmental toxicities, abnormal vascular development, changed locomotor activities, and thyroid disruption | [135] |
| Meothrin, Lambdacyhalothrin, Permethrin, Fenpropathrin, Esfenvalerate |
0.0023–5.232, 0.00008–0.3465, 0.0015–0.0038, 0.0–0.0098 and 0.0053–0.2888 min–max values |
-- | Mugil capito | ↑ serum creatinine and urea ↑ hepatic GSH and MDA |
[136] |
| Deltamethrin (DLM) | CYP at 0.07, 0.014, 0.028, 0.056 μg/L | 7, 14, 21 and 28 d | African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) | Negative effects on reproductive, biochemical, and physiological health of the exposed fish | [137] |
| Bifenthrin | 0.5, 5, and 50 ng/L | 14 and 21 d | Menidia beryllina | Hinder with metabolic processes and endocrine signals ↓ reproductive performance |
[138] |
| λ-cyhalothrin | 5, 50, 250, and 500 ng/L | 96 h | Prochilodus lineatus | Oxidative stress, osmoregulatory disorders, and DNA damage | [139] |
| Fenvalerate EC 20% | 0.92 ppm | 96 h | Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) | Significant damage at the hematological and biochemical levels | [140] |
| Beta-cyfluthrin | 32, 48, 72, 180, and 450 ng/L | 14 d | Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Impairment of feeding behavior (reduced food intake) At higher concentrations, the constant exposure led to death |
[141] |
| Deltamethrin | 15 μg/L | 30 d | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) |
↑ CORT and GLU levels Downregulation CAT, GPX, IL-1β and IL-8 gene expressions Damage in histological structure of gills, intestine, spleen, and liver |
[142] |
| Deltamethrin | 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg /L | 15 d | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Effects on aggressive behavior and swimming performances (highly neurotoxic compound) | [143] |
| Deltamethrin | 5.2 μg /L | 48 h | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Caused significant damage to the gills and liver | [144] |
| Deltamethrin | 3 ul/L to 9 ul/L | 15 d | Cirrhinus mrigala | Erratic swimming, hyper excitability, restlessness, difficulty in breathing, loss of equilibrium and gathering around the ventilation filter | [145] |
| Deltamethrin | 7.33 μg/L | 96 h | Channa punctatus | Inhibited AChE activity in brain, muscle, and gills | [146] |
| Deltamethrin | 20 and 40 μg/L | 24–96 h | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos | Failed swim bladder inflation | [42] |
Abbreviations: AChE: acetylcholinesterase, CAT: catalase, CORT: cortisol, GLU: glucose, GSH: reduced glutathione, GPX: glutathione peroxidase, IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta, IL-8: interleukin 8, MDA: malondialdehyde T3: triiodothyronine, T4: thyroxin. ↑ above arrow indicated to increase, ↓ down arrow indicating to decrease.