Table 2.
Summary of the toxic effects of Cypermethrin (CYP) in several fish species.
| Exposure Doses | Exposure Period | Fish Species | Toxic Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm | 96 h | African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) |
Erratic movement, erosion, and hemorrhages of secondary gill lamellae Hyperplastic hepatic cells necrosis of hepatic cells in the liver tissues. |
Andem et al. [133] |
| 1.25, 2.5 µg/L | 96 h | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) |
↓ hepatic glycogen ↓ the activities of ALP, AChE, and CAT in liver ↑ of plasma GLU level and activities of hepatic ACP, AST, and ALT |
Kaviraj and Gupta [121] |
| 14–28 d | Anemia | |||
| 90 d | Long-term exposure reduced the growth and deposition of protein and lipid in the body of fish | |||
| 0.22 and 0.44 µg/l | 20 d | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) |
Histopathological alterations in gills Haemato-biochemical changes |
Korkmaz et al. [134] |
| 5.99 μg/L | 96 h | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) |
Behavioral changes | Sarikaya [128] |
| 0.186 ppm | 35 d | Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
↓ ion levels (Na+, K+ and Cl−) in blood ↓ gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity |
Suvetha et al. [122] |
| 0.4134 μg/L | 30 d | Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
Genotoxicity (=↑ DNA fragmentation) Histopathological alterations and apoptotic changes Hepatorenal injury |
Khafaga et al. [33] |
| 0.042, 0.085, and 0.17 μg/L | 21 d | Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) |
Immunotoxicity (=↓ LYZ activity and PA) ↑ Mortalities after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila |
Soltanian and Fereidouni [32] |
| 20% of LC50 | 96 h | Brycon amazonicus | ↑ liver and gill LPO 62 and 100%, respectively. ↑ SOD and CAT activities in the liver ↑ Plasma Na+, Cl− and GLU concentrations ↑ HCT, Hb and RBCs Hypertrophy and proliferation of chloride cells, blood vessels dilation, aneurysms, and hemorrhage of the lamella |
de Moraes et al. [123] |
| 0.015, 0.030, 0.045 µg /L | 21 d | Anabas testudineus | ↓ RBCs, Hb, HCT levels and thrombocyte (platelet) counts ↓ WBCs counts with the increase of CYP concentrations after 14th and 21st d |
Babu Velmurugan et al. [124] |
| 30 µg/L | 5 d | Rohu (Labeo rohita) |
↑ SOD, CAT and LPO in gills, liver, and kidney | Vijayakumar et al. [132] |
| 1/10 and 1/50 of 96 h LC50 (The 96 h LC50 = 0.139 ppm) |
45 d | Rohu (Labeo rohita) |
Haemato-biochemical alterations | Das et al. [125] |
| 0.124 and 0.41 µg/L | 45 d | Catla (Catla catla) |
Neurotoxicity (=↓ AChE activity in brain) | Jindal and Sharma [35] |
| 0.21 and 0.41 μg/L | 45 d | Catla (Catla catla) |
↑ MDA and GSH content (oxidative stress) Hepatic histopathological alterations |
Sharma and Jindal [34] |
| 0.6 μg/L | 9 d | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Genotoxicity of retinal cells Oxidative stress damage of retinal cells ↑ SOD and CAT activities ↑ Sod and Cat mRNA levels |
Paravani et al. [30] |
| 0.6 µg/L | 9 d | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Genotoxicity of gill cells Oxidative stress damage of gill cells |
Paravani et al. [29] |
| 1 and 3 µg /L | 4 or 8 d | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Hepatic oxidative stress DNA damage and apoptosis |
Jin et al. [131] |
| 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/ L | 96 h | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos |
Developmental toxicity | Shi et al. [129] |
| 0.3 and 0.5 µg /L | 4 h | Heteropneustes fossilis | ↑ plasma GLU level ↓ in the level of liver glycogen ↓ ACP and ALP activities of liver ↓ ascorbic acid levels of blood, liver, and kidney |
Saha and Kaviraj [120] |
| 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 µg/L | 48 and 72 h | Channa punctata | Oxidative stress and genotoxicity in fish erythrocytes | Ansari et al. [130] |
| 0.08 and 0.265 ppm | 2, 4 or 8 d | Rhamdia quelen | Haemato-biochemical alterations | Borges et al. [147] |
| 0.07 mg/L | 10 d | Clarias batrachus | Inhibition in the activities of total Mg+2, and Na+-K+ATPase enzyme and glycogen content A significant induction in the levels of glycogen phosphorylase |
Begum [127] |
| 0.3 and 0.6 µg/L | 2, 5 and 8 d | Prochilodus lineatus | ↓ RBCs, Hb, HTC and MCHC values ↑ MCV and MCH values |
Parma et al. [126] |
Abbreviations: AChE: acetylcholinesterase, ACP: acid phosphatase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, Cat: catalase gene, CAT: catalase enzyme, GLU: glucose, GPX: glutathione peroxidase, GSH: reduced glutathione, Hb: hemoglobin, HTC: hematocrit, LPO: lipid peroxidation, LYZ: lysozyme, MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MDA: malondialdehyde, PA: phagocytic activity, RBCs: red blood cells, Sod: superoxide dismutase gene, SOD: superoxide dismutase enzyme, WBCs: white blood cells. ↑ above arrow indicated to increase, ↓ down arrow indicating to decrease.