. 2021 Jun 28;11(7):1921. doi: 10.3390/ani11071921

Table 7.

Chilean university students’ perceptions toward dairy cows’ welfare.

	Agricultural (n = 100)	Art and Architecture (n = 100)	Exact and Natural Sciences (n = 100)	Social Sciences (n = 100)	Law (n = 100)	Humanities (n = 100)	Education (n = 100)	Technology (n = 100)	Health (n = 100)	Administration and Commerce (n = 100)	p-Value
Highest level of animal welfare for dairy cows in:											<0.001 ¹
In-door production, n (%)	1 (1.0) ^a	3 (3.0) ^a	0 (0.0) ^a	3 (3.0) ^a	6 (6.0) ^a	1 (1.0) ^a	2 (2.0) ^a	1 (1.0) ^a	1 (1.0) ^a	0 (0.0) ^a
Grazing production, n (%)	47 (47.0)	33 (33.0) ^a	52 (52.0)	29 (29.0) ^a	33 (33.0) ^a	34 (34.0)	35 (35.0)	52 (52.0)	57 (57.0) ^b	49 (49.0)
Mixture of in-door and grazing, n (%)	52 (52.0) ^a,b	62 (62.0) ^b	38 (38.0) ^a,c	50 (50.0) ^a,b	47 (47.0) ^a,b,c	38 (38.0) ^a,c	43 (43.0) ^a,b,c	36 (36.0) ^a,c	26 (26.0) ^c	46 (46.0) ^a,b,c
None, animals must be free, n (%)	0 (0.0) ^a	2 (2.0) ^a,b	10 (10.0) ^a,b,c,d	18 (18.0) ^c,d	14 (14.0) ^b,c,d	27 (27.0) ^d	20 (20.0) ^c,d	11 (11.0) ^b,c,d	16 (16.0) ^c,d	5 (5.0) ^a,b,c
Most important behavior performed by dairy cows:											<0.001 ²
Grooming, n (%)	28 (28.0) ^a,b	30 (30.0) ^b	6 (6.0) ^c	13 (13.0) ^a,b,c	26 (26.0) ^a,b	19 (19.0) ^a,b,c	18 (18.0) ^a,b,c	7 (7.0) ^c	10 (10.0) ^a,c	19 (19.0) ^a,b,c
Maternal behavior, n (%)	42 (42.0) ^a,b	39 (39.0) ^b	75 (75.0) ^c,d	42 (42.0) ^a,b	60 (60.0) ^a,b,c,d	72 (72.0) ^c,d	63 (63.0) ^a,c,d	78 (78.0) ^d	78 (78.0) ^d	54 (54.0) ^a,b,c
Reproduction, n (%)	21 (21.0) ^a,b	24 (24.0) ^b	5 (5.0) ^c	10 (10.0) ^a,b,c	5 (5.0) ^c	1 (1.0) ^c	9 (9.0) ^a,b,c	7 (7.0) ^a,c	8 (8.0) ^a,b,c	5 (5.0) ^c
Game behavior, n (%)	9 (9.0) ^a,b	7 (7.0) ^a,b	14 (14.0) ^a,b	35 (35.0) ^c	9 (9.0) ^a,b	8 (8.0) ^a,b	10 (10.0) ^a,b	8 (8.0) ^a,b	4 (4.0) ^b	22 (22.0) ^a,c
When milking, a dairy cow:											<0.001 ²
Gets stressed, n (%)	38 (38.0) ^a	59 (59.0) ^a,b,c	55 (55.0) ^a,b,c	65 (65.0) ^c	48 (48.0) ^a,b,c	52 (52.0) ^a,b,c	58 (58.0) ^a,b,c	49 (49.0) ^a,b,c	64 (64.0) ^b,c	41 (41.0) ^a,b
Is suffering, n (%)	16 (16.0) ^a	12 (12.0) ^a	14 (14.0) ^a	8 (8.0) ^a	6 (6.0) ^a	10 (10.0) ^a	9 (9.0) ^a	13 (13.0) ^a	5 (5.0) ^a	9 (9.0) ^a
Is in pain, n (%)	20 (20.0) ^a	14 (14.0) ^a	15 (15.0) ^a	21 (21.0) ^a	14 (14.0) ^a	19 (19.0) ^a	20 (20.0) ^a	24 (24.0) ^a	14 (14.0) ^a	15 (15.0) ^a
Has pleasure, n (%)	26 (26.0) ^a,b	15 (15.0) ^b,c	16 (16.0) ^a,b,c	6 (6.0) ^c	32 (32.0) ^a,b	19 (19.0) ^a,b,c	13 (13.0) ^b,c	14 (14.0) ^b,c	17 (17.0) ^a,b,c	35 (35.0) ^a

¹ Fisher’s exact test and posthoc test with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. Different superscript letters indicate a significant difference; ² Chi-square test for independence and posthoc test with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. Different superscript letters indicate a significant difference.