Table 3.

Mean (SD) Performance in Four Cognitive Function Domains According to Each Adverse Childhood Experience, “Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa” (HAALSI), Agincourt, South Africa, 2015

Adverse childhood experience	Executive function		Language		Visuospatial ability		Memory
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Parent unemployed for 6+ months
No (n = 1,474)	0.03	0.86	0.04	0.87	0.04	0.87	0.02	0.85
Yes (n = 252)	0.05	0.86	0.06	0.89	0.05	0.89	0.00	0.90
Declined response (n = 144)	−0.37	0.91	−0.48	1.05	−0.45	1.05	−0.20	1.00
Parents argued or fought often
No (n = 1,311)	0.02	0.85	0.05	0.86	0.05	0.86	0.04	0.83
Yes (n = 438)	0.08	0.86	0.05	0.89	0.04	0.89	0.00	0.91
Declined response (n = 121)	−0.48	0.91	−0.67	1.08	−0.65	1.07	−0.38	1.07
Parent drank excessively, took drugs, or had mental health problems
No (n = 1,333)	0.03	0.86	0.06	0.86	0.06	0.87	0.05	0.84
Yes (n = 448)	0.02	0.83	−0.02	0.87	−0.03	0.89	−0.09	0.93
Declined response (n = 89)	−0.56	0.95	−0.73	1.16	−0.67	1.16	−0.25	1.02
Physically abused by parent
No (n = 1,189)	−0.01	0.86	0.00	0.87	0.00	0.88	0.01	0.85
Yes (n = 667)	0.01	0.89	0.00	0.93	−0.01	0.94	−0.02	0.90
Declined response (n = 14)	0.18	0.97	−0.04	1.22	0.00	1.20	0.08	0.93