Table 5.

Summary of Odds Ratios (ORs) and Associated 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for the Conventional Analysis of ACE Exposures in Relation to Cognitive Impairment, and the Probabilistic Bias Analysis Accounting for Systematic and Random Error due to ACE Misclassification, with Varying Probability Distributions for the Sensitivity of the ACE Measures, “Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa” (HAALSI), South Africa, 2015

Adverse childhood experience	No misclassification			Non-differential ACE misclassification						Differential ACE misclassification
	Conventional			Moderate misclassificationa			Substantial misclassificationb			Moderate misclassificationc			Substantial misclassificationd
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
		LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL
Parent unemployed for 6+ months	1.42	.89	2.54	1.70	1.06	2.85	1.81	1.12	3.00	2.01	1.25	3.35	3.32	1.97	5.64
Parents argued or fought often	1.24	.83	1.86	1.35	.92	2.05	1.49	1.00	2.27	1.66	1.11	2.52	3.28	2.05	5.44
Parent drank excessively, took drugs, or had mental health problems	1.11	.74	1.67	1.15	.78	1.74	1.20	.81	1.81	1.41	.95	2.15	2.67	1.70	4.29
Physically abused by parent	0.93	.64	1.34	0.90	.64	1.30	0.83	.58	1.20	1.17	.81	1.69	2.69	1.68	4.91

Note: Cognitive impairment is defined as scoring 1.5 SD or more below the mean for two or more cognitive domains, within age (per decade) and educational degree-level strata. Specificity is held at range of 90% to 100% for all analyses, with distributional modes at 93% and 97%.

^aSensitivity ranges from 60–80% (modes: 65–75%), regardless of cognitive impairment status

^bSensitivity ranges from 40–60% (modes: 45–55%), regardless of cognitive impairment status

^cSensitivity ranges from 60–80% (modes: 65–75%) for cognitively impaired individuals, and 70–90% (modes: 75–85%) for non-impaired individuals

^dSensitivity ranges from 40–60% (modes: 45–55%) for cognitively impaired individuals, and 70–90% (modes: 75–85%) for non-impaired individuals