Table 2. Demographic Characteristics and Stage of Changea, African American Daily Smokers Aged 55 Years or Older (N = 59), Assessment of the 5As, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2019.
| Variable | Overall (N = 59)b |
Precontemplation (n = 10) |
Contemplation (n = 24) |
Preparation (n = 25) |
P Valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
| Mean age, y (SD) | 61.1 (5.5) | 60.7 (4.6) | 60.9 (4.5) | 61.4 (6.7) | .70d |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 36 (61.0) | 7 (70.0) | 15 (62.5) | 14 (56.0) | .83 |
| Male | 23 (39.0) | 3 (30.0) | 9 (37.5) | 11 (44.0) | |
| Income, $ | |||||
| <20,000 | 54 (91.5) | 9 (90.0) | 20 (83.3) | 25 (100.0) | .11 |
| ≥20,000 | 5 (8.5) | 1 (10.0) | 4 (16.7) | 0 | |
| Education | |||||
| ≤Grade 12 | 24 (40.7) | 3 (30.0) | 8 (33.3) | 13 (52.0) | .37 |
| >Grade 12 | 35 (59.3) | 7 (70.0) | 16 (66.7) | 12 (48.0) | |
| Medicaid | |||||
| No | 17 (28.8) | 2 (20.0) | 8 (33.3) | 7 (28.0) | .80 |
| Yes | 42 (71.2) | 8 (80.0) | 16 (66.7) | 18 (72.0) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| Normal weight | 17 (28.8) | 3 (30.0) | 7 (29.2) | 7 (28.0) | .09 |
| Overweight | 19 (32.2) | 6 (60.0) | 4 (16.7) | 9 (36.0) | |
| Obese | 23 (39.0) | 1 (10.0) | 13 (54.2) | 9 (36.0) | |
| Tobacco Use | |||||
| Pack year, mean (SD) | 23.1 (18.3) | 31.0 (26.8) | 21.8 (18.5) | 21.1 (13.6) | .21c |
| Nicotine dependencee | |||||
| Very low and low | 45 (76.3) | 8 (80.0) | 18 (75.0) | 19 (76.0) | .81 |
| Moderate | 9 (15.3) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (12.5) | 5 (20.0) | |
| High and very high | 5 (8.4) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (12.5) | 1 (4.0) | |
| 5Asf | |||||
| Ask (missing, n = 1) | |||||
| Yes | 58 (100.0) | 10 (100.0) | 24 (100.0) | 24 (100.0) | NA |
| Advise (missing, n = 1) | |||||
| No | 6 (10.3) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (4.2) | 4 (16.7) | .39 |
| Yes | 52 (89.7) | 9 (90.0) | 23 (95.8) | 20 (83.3) | |
| Assessg | |||||
| No | 1 (1.9) | 0 | 0 | 1 (5.0) | .56 |
| Yes | 51 (98.1) | 9 (100.0) | 23 (100.0) | 19 (95.0) | |
| Assistg | |||||
| No | 9 (17.3) | 4 (44.4) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (5.0) | .04 |
| Yes | 43 (82.7) | 5 (55.6) | 19 (82.6) | 19 (95.0) | |
| Arrangeg | |||||
| No | 37 (71.2) | 8 (88.9) | 18 (78.3) | 11 (55.0) | .14 |
| Yes | 15 (28.8) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (21.7) | 9 (45.0) | |
Abbreviations: 5As, Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange; BMI, body mass index; NA, not applicable; SD, standard deviation.
Preparation: Plan to quit within 1 month; Contemplation: plan to quit within 6 months; Precontemplation: no thought to quit or plan to quit longer than 6 months.
59 African American smokers reported their stage of change. All values are no. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Determined by using Fisher Exact Test.
Determined by using 1-way ANOVA.
Heaviness of smoking index, which is a short version of the Fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence to identify patients’ nicotine dependence level, based on responses to the following 2 questions: 1) “On average, about how many cigarettes a day do you smoke now?” (scoring: less than 10 = 0; 10 through 19 =1; 20 through 29 = 2; and 30 or higher = 3); and 2) “How soon after you wake do you smoke your first cigarette?” (scoring: after 60 minutes = 0; from 31 to 60 minutes = 1; from 6 to 30 minutes = 2; within 5 minutes = 3). The total score ranges from 0 to 6 (0 to 2 = very low nicotine dependence; 3 = low nicotine dependence; 4 = moderate nicotine dependence; 5 = high nicotine dependence; 6 = very high nicotine dependence). Because of small sample sizes, we categorized nicotine dependence into 3 levels: very low and low (0–3), moderate (4), and high and very high (5–6).
Each element of the 5As was determined by asking the following questions: 1) Ask: “In the past 12 months, did any health care provider at this hospital ask if you smoke?”; 2) Advise: “In the past 12 months, did any health care provider advise you to quit smoking?”; 3) Assess: “During the past 12 months, did any health care provider ask you if you were willing to make a quit attempt?”; 4) Assist: “In the past 12 months, when a health care provider advised you to quit smoking, did they do any of the following (such as prescribe or recommend medication, suggest setting quit date, recommend or refer to counseling, or give self-help material)?”; and 5) Arrange: “In the past 12 months, when a health care provider advised you to quit smoking, did they do any of the following (such as call and ask you about your quit attempt within one week or one month)?”
Health care providers advised patient to quit smoking.