Table 5.
A univariate analysis of perioperative risk factors on operative mortality
| Risk factor | Operative death (30 d) |
Univariate analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes∗ (n = 16) | No∗ (n = 130) | P | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| Female sex | 6 (11.1%) | 48 (88.9%) | ns | |
| Male sex | 10 (10.9%) | 82 (89.1%) | ns | |
| Age, y | 73.2 (70.8.-79.6) | 67.5 (57.3-74.9) | .04 | 1.056 (0.999-1.117) |
| Age >70 y | 12 (16.7%) | 60 (83.3%) | .02 | 3.50 (1.07-11.42) |
| Aneurysm | 11 (12.1%) | 80 (87.9%) | ns | |
| Dissection | 5 (9.1%) | 50 (90.9%) | ns | |
| Marfan syndrome | 0 | 14 (100%) | ns | |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.84 (1.67-2.17) | 1.89 (1.73-2.01) | ns | |
| Thoracoabdominal extension | 9 (11.5%) | 69 (88.5%) | ns | |
| Redo surgery (all) | 6 (13.3%) | 39 (86.7%) | ns | |
| Root surgery | 5 (16.7%) | 25 (83.3%) | ns | |
| Redo and root surgery | 4 (25.0%) | 12 (75.0%) | .05 | 3.28 (0.91-11.76) |
| Intraoperative second-stage | 2 (10.0%) | 18 (90%) | ns | |
| Hypertension | 7 (6.7%) | 97 (93.3%) | .013 | 0.26 (0.09-0.77) |
| Nicotine abuse | 10 (15.1%) | 56 (84.8%) | ns | |
| Dyslipidemia | 3 (5.8%) | 49 (94.2%) | ns | |
| Diabetes | 1 (11.1%) | 8 (88.9%) | ns | |
| Ejection fraction (%) (continuous) | 55 (52.5-60.0) | 60 (55-60) | ns | |
| Ejection fraction (<40%) | 3 (30.3%) | 7 (70.0%) | ns | |
| Recent MI | 0 | 3 (100%) | ns | |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 6 (17.6%) | 28 (82.3%) | ns | |
| Urgent/emergent | 9 (28.1%) | 23 (71.9%) | .002 | 6.54 (2.21-19.34) |
| Plasma creatinine >2.5 mg/dL | 2 (12.5%) | 14 (87.5%) | ns | |
| Plasma creatinine, mg/dL (continuous) | 1.3 (1.1-1.6) | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | .008 | 1.66 (0.82-3.33) |
| Preoperative stroke | 2 (20.0%) | 8 (80.0%) | ns | |
| Preoperative neurologic dysfunction | 1 (16.7%) | 5 (83.3%) | ns | |
| COPD | 2 (5.3%) | 36 (94.7%) | ns | |
| EuroSCORE I | 10 (6.7-11.7) | 10 (7.0-11.0) | ns | |
| 1 postoperative complication | 14 (14.0%) | 86 (86.0%) | ns | |
| >1 postoperative complication | 14 (19.4%) | 58 (80.6%) | .001 | 8.69 (1.89-39.79) |
| Delayed closure | 4 (23.5%) | 13 (76.5%) | ns | |
| Sternal re-entry | 5 (20%) | 20 (80%) | ns | |
| Sternal re-entry cardiac causes | 2 (40%) | 3 (60%) | ns | |
| Low cardiac output | 7 (26.9%) | 19 (73.1%) | .01 | 4.54 (1.51-13.67) |
| Vasoactive drugs >48 h | 6 (25.0%) | 18 (75.0%) | .02 | 3.73 (1.21-11.53) |
| Perioperative MI | 0 | 0 | ns | |
| Cardiac arrest | 6 (60%) | 4 (40%) | <.0001 | 18.90 (4.57-78.16) |
| Atrial fibrillation (new onset) | 7 (19.4%) | 29 (80.6%) | ns | |
| Paraplegia after ET | 0 | 1 (100%) | ns | |
| Major stroke | 3 (50%) | 3 (50%) | .018 | 14.65 (2.24-95.84) |
| Minor stroke | 0 | 2 (100%) | ns | |
| Postoperative renal failure | 9 (45.0%) | 11 (55.0%) | <.0001 | 13.91 (4.34-44.59) |
| Severe pulmonary dysfunction | 4 (7.4%) | 50 (92.6%) | ns | |
| Postoperative peripheral embolism | 3 (50%) | 3 (50%) | .018 | 14.65 (2.24-95.84) |
| Tracheostomy | 2 (12.5%) | 14 (87.5%) | ns | |
| Sepsis | 2 (40%) | 3 (60%) | ns | |
| Severe pulmonary infection | 4 (21.1%) | 15 (78.9%) | ns | |
| Positive blood cultures | 1 (25.0%) | 3 (75.0%) | ns | |
| Intestinal ischemia | 2 (66.7%) | 1 (33.3%) | .033 | 18.43 (1.57-216.35) |
| CPB time, min | 175 (148-211) | 173 (144-209) | ns | |
| HCA time, min | 37 (32-52) | 40 (33-51) | ns | |
| Crossclamp time, min | 105 (84-137) | 100 (75-121) | ns | |
| Minimum hemoglobin, g/dL | 7.4 (6.8-7.9) | 7.7 (6.9-8.5) | ns | |
| Bladder temperature (minimum), °C | 25.9 (25.2-27.7) | 26 (25-27.3) | ns | |
| Blood loss postoperative, mL | 200 (100-400) | 300 (150-480) | ns | |
| Mechanical ventilation, h | 109 (65-149) | 38 (19-108) | ns | |
| Intensive care, d | 4.8 (2.8-8.8) | 5.0 (3.6-8.3) | ns | |
| Plasma lactate, mmol/L | 5.4 (4.1-6.8.8) | 5.2 (4.2-6.6) | ns | |
Data are reported as the median and IQR for continuous variables and counts and percentage for categorical variables unless otherwise noted. CI, Confidence interval; ns, not significant; MI, myocardial infarction; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EuroSCORE, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; ET, elephant trunk technique; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; HCA, hypothermic circulatory arrest; IQR, interquartile range.
∗
Percentage of those with risk factor.