Table 3.
Antioxidant treatment in Chagasic animal models.
| Model | Age | T. cruzi Strain and Dose | Treatment | Antioxidant/ Oxidant Stress Marker |
Tissue | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C57BL/6 mice | 6–8 weeks | Sylvio × 10 (1 × 104) |
50 mg/kg PBN (i.p.) on alternate days for 3 weeks |
Respiratory complex activities, MDA, GSH, ATP, H2O2 | Heart, heart mitochondria |
[121] |
| SWRJ/W male mice | 4 weeks | Y (1 × 102) | 5 mg/50 μL/day desferrioxamine (i.p.) 14 days prior to infection and for 21 days i.p. | GSH, TBARS, PCN, nitrate/nitrite | Serum, liver | [129] |
| Sprague Dawley rats | 4–5 weeks | Sylvio × 10 (1 × 104) |
1.3 mM PBN and/or 0.7 mM benznidazole for three weeks in drinking water |
ROS, TBARS | Heart, heart mitochondria |
[120] |
| Sprague Dawley rats | 4–5 weeks | Sylvio × 10 (1 × 104) |
1.3 mM PBN and/or 0.7 mM benznidazole for three weeks in drinking water |
PCN | Heart, heart mitochondria |
[138] |
| CD1 mice | 6–8 weeks | Brazil (5 × 104) |
100 mg/kg/day curcumin for 35 days orally |
mRNA levels of proteins/enzymes | Heart | [110] |
| SWR/J male mice | 3 weeks | QM1 (5 × 104) |
10 μL vitamin C (D50 mg or D500 mg) per day for 60 days or 180 days orally |
TBARS, total peroxide, GSH | Plasma, heart, colon, skeletal muscle | [99] |
| Wistar male rats | NR | Y (1 × 105) |
5 mg/kg melatonin/day for 60 days orally |
Nitrite production in macrophages, TBARS in plasma |
Plasma, spleen | [138] |
| SWR/J female mice | 8–12 weeks | Y (2 × 103) |
Curcumin (C) +/− Benznidazole (B) for 20 days by gavage. C100 (+/−B50–B100), B50–B100 only (mg/kg/day) |
MDA, PCN | [111] | |
| BALB/c male and female mice | 5–7 weeks | Colombian (2 × 102) |
15 mg/kg trans-resveratrol (i.p.) or 40 mg/kg resveratrol, 500 mg/kg metformin, 100 mg/kg/Tempol or 25 mg/kg benznidazole for 30 days orally |
TBARS | [116] | |
| Swiss SWR/J male mice | 52 weeks | Y (2 × 103) |
500 mg/day vitamin C/800 UI/day vitamin E for 15 days orally | TBARS, catalase, PCN, GST and SOD activities, nitrite/nitrate, 8-OHdG |
[102] | |
| Swiss SWR/J male mice | 3 weeks | QM2 (5 × 104) |
500 mg/day vitamin C/800 UI/day vitamin E (individually and in combination) for 60 or 120 days | FRAPS, GSH, TBARS | [101] | |
| Swiss SWR/J male mice | 3 weeks | QM2 (5 × 104) |
20% blackberry plant extract (25–75 μL/day) for 180 days orally |
TBARS, FRAPS, GSH, sulfhydryl groups |
[132] | |
| BALB/c female mice | 4–6 weeks | Ninoa (10) |
10 mg/kg/day astaxanthin +/− 10 mg/kg/day nifurtimox for 60 days orally |
MDA | [138] | |
| Swiss SWR/J male mice | 6 weeks | Y (1 × 104) |
7.14 mg/kg/day vitamin C +/− 100 mg/kg benznidazole for 15 days by gavage |
TBARS, ROS | [97] | |
| Swiss SWR/J male mice | 3.5 weeks | QM2 (5 × 104) |
500 mg/day vitamin C for 60 days in drinking water |
FRAPS, GSH, GST, plasma sulfhydryl group, nitrate/nitrite | [100] | |
| C57BL/6 male mice | 8–10 weeks | Colombian (50) | 25 mg/kg/day carvedilol +/− 100 mg/kg/day benznidazole for 23 days by gavage |
SOD and CAT activities, TBARS, protein carbonyls | [119] | |
| C57BL/6 male and female mice | 6–8 weeks | Brazil (1 × 104) |
0.2 mg/kg/day honokiol or 100 mg/kg/day benzdidazole for 57 and 85 days |
CAT, SOD activities, ROS, MDA | [131] | |
| C3H/HeN male mice | 6–8 weeks | Sylvio ×10 (1 × 104) |
1.5 mM apocynin for 150 days in drinking water |
ROS | [136] |
BZN: benznidazole; PVC: premature ventricular contraction; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; NO: nitric oxide; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; CAT: catalase; ADA: adenosine deaminase; PC: protein carbonyl; GSH: glutathione reduced.