Table 5.
Pig behavioral responses during the different phases of the home-pen test, according to their treatment.
| Behavior | Treatments | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CG | DDG | SDG | ||
| (n = 25) | (n = 20) | (n = 20) | ||
| Phase 1 | ||||
| Latency to first contact (s) | 10.41 ± 2.34 | 16.67 ± 5.04 | 15.88 ± 5.19 | 0.640 2 |
| Time of contact (%) | 69.70 ± 10.21 | 70.95 ± 10.59 | 67 ± 10.60 | 0.940 1a |
| Frequency of contact | 2.40 ± 0.25 a | 1.35 ± 0.27 b | 1.30 ± 0.27 b | 0.020 1 |
| Time looking at the stockperson (%) | 10.67 (3.83–22.49) a | 6.15 (0–16.94) a | 1.04 (0–9.28) b | 0.022 3 |
| Phase 2 | ||||
| Latency to first contact (s) | 3.80 ± 0.82 a | 16.29 ± 8.03 a | 1.00 ± 0 b | <0.001 2 |
| Time of contact (%) | 86.67 (72.86–88.44) a | 84.88 (81.54–88.27) a | 100 (96.53–100) b | 0.007 3 |
| Frequency of contact | 3.44 ± 0.52 | 2.20 ± 0.54 | 2.70 ± 0.54 | 0.294 1 |
| Time looking at the stockperson (%) | 10.04 (0–16.40) a | 10.75 (0–15.12) a | 0 (0–0) b | 0.001 3 |
| Climbing on the stockperson (frequency) | 1.44 ± 0.52 | 0.80 ± 0.53 | 1.25 ± 0.53 | 0.691 1 |
| Phase 3 | ||||
| Accepted strokes (%) | 76.47 (27.14–100) a | 82.35 (62.50–93.33) a | 100 (93.68–100) b | 0.003 3 |
| Attempts until accepting the first stroke | 2.00 (1.00–4.50) a | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) a,b | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) b | 0.002 3 |
| Climbing on the stockperson (frequency) | 1.88 ± 0.48 | 1.57 ± 0.53 | 1.35 ± 0.52 | 0.761 1 |
Values within a row with different letters significantly differ (a,b: p < 0.05). CG = control group; DDG = dominant demonstrator group; SDG = subordinate demonstrator group. Phase 1 = stockperson standing stationary; Phase 2 = stockperson sitting stationary; Phase 3 = stockperson moving. 1 mixed ANOVA model; 1a mixed ANOVA based on angular transformation (df=2); 2 Kaplan–Meier analysis (df = 2); 3 Kruskal–Wallis test (df = 2). Data analyzed with mixed ANOVA models are expressed as estimated marginal means and standard error means (E.M.M. ± S.E.M.) of non-transformed data. Data analyzed with the Kaplan–Meier method are expressed as means and standard error (m ± S.E.) and data analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis test are expressed with medians and interquartile ranges (md (Q25–Q75)).