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. 2021 Jun 29;10(7):1046. doi: 10.3390/antiox10071046

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of HD on the release of proinflammatory cytokines and mast cell (MC) activation in the bladders of mice after repeated CYP injections. Western blot analysis showed that IL-1β expression was significantly increased in the CYP group, while treatment with HD decreased the expression of IL-1β (A,A’). IL-6 expression was increased after repeated CYP injections; treatment with HD decreased levels of this cytokine (B,B’). TNF-α expression was significantly increased in the CYP group, while treatment with HD decreased the expression of TNF-α (C,C’). Mast cell infiltration was evaluated by toluidine blue staining in the chronic cystitis model. Mast cells were characterized by dark-lilac-blue granules. Protein lysates were also incubated with a β-actin antibody (D) in order to verify that all samples had been loaded in equal quantities. (E) Sham group. (F) CYP group. (G) HD group. (H) Mast cell numbers per unit area of tissue (mast cell density). Values are means ± SD of five animals for each group; *** p < 0.001 vs. Sham; ## p < 0.01 vs. CYP; ### p < 0.001 vs. CYP.