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Schematic representation of the proposed aetiopathology mechanism of TMD and PBM mechanism of action in TMD management. Abbreviations: IL: Interleukin; TNF-α & β: transforming necrosis factor-beta and alpha; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; MMP-1,2,9: matrix metalloproteinases-1,2,9; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; HA: hyaluronic acid. All the abbreviations in this table are listed in Supplementary File S2.
