Table 3.

Arrhenius models for thermal damage to skin, cornea, and retinas.

Model/ range of data fitted	A(s−1)	ΔEa/R (K)	α, K−1	Tcrit, oC (temperature to produce isoeffect (Ω = 1) after 1 s	Factor increase in damage rate dΩ/dt for 1 oC increase in temperature (eqn 2)
Skin (Jean et al. 2013) visually assessed minor injury (erythema) to pig and human skin without blister, chiefly from pulsed IR laser radiation. 350 μs–70 s	8.8 × 1082	63,000	0.58	56.7	1.8
Cornea (Jean et al. 2021) Minimal visible damage to cornea of nonhuman primates pulsed IR laser radiation. 1.7 ns-100 s	1.8 × 1077	59,000	0.54	58.5	1.7
Retina (Jean and Schulmeister, 2017); Minimal visible damage to retina of nonhuman primates pulsed IR laser radiation. 350 μs–50 min	1.1 × 1095	72,000	0.66	55.9	1.9