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. 2021 Jul 23;12(3):500–525. doi: 10.1007/s13346-021-01024-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Critical and additional parameters of nanomedicines and corresponding analytical techniques for their characterization (NCL approved techniques are highlighted). LC–MS/MS liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, FFF field flow fractionation, NMR nuclear magnetic resonance, AUC analytical ultracentrifugation, RS remote sensing, IR infrared, HPLC–UV high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, Vis-FLD visible-fluorescence detector, ATR-FTIR attenuated total reflection—Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NOESY-NMR nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy-nuclear magnetic resonance, SANS small angle neutron scattering, SAXS small angle x-ray scattering, FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer, CD circular dichroism, PT potentiometry, TEM transmission electron microscopy, EM electron microscopy, GC–MS/MS gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, LAL assay limulus amebocyte lysate assay, PCR polymerase chain reaction, AF4-UV asymmetric field flow fractionation-ultraviolet, DLS dynamic light scattering, Cryo-TEM cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, FCS fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, SEC size-exclusion chromatography, PTA particle tracking analysis, Si silicon, Fe iron, Au gold