AA	arachidonic acid
ABC	ATP-binding cassette
AC	adenylyl cyclase
ACC	acetyl-CoA carboxylase
ADRP	adipose differentiation-related protein activator protein 1
AhR	aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AICD	APP intracellular domain
Akt	protein kinase B (serine/threonine-specific protein kinase)
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
AMPK	5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
ANS	anthocyanidin synthase
AP1	activator protein 1
APP	amyloid precursor protein
AR	androgen receptor
ARE	antioxidant responsive element
AT	acetyltransferase
ATF2	activating transcription factor 2 ATP, adenosine triphosphate
BAD	Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death
B.Ar	bone area
BCA	biochanin A
BMI	body mass index
BMP2	bone morphogenetic protein 2
BV/TV	bone volume/tissue volume
Ca2+	calcium ion
C/EBP	CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins
CaMK II	calmodulin kinase II
cAMP	cyclic adenosine monophosphate
C/EBP-α	CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha
c-Fos	cellular oncogene fos
C4H	cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylae
CHI	chalcone isomerase
CHR	chalcone reductase
CHS	chalcone synthase
4CL	4-coumarate-CoA ligase
COL1a1	transcription factor Sp7 (Osterix), alpha-1 type I collagen
COX-2	cyclooxygenase 2
CRE	carbohydrate response element
CREBp	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein
CTF	C-terminal fragment
CTSK	cathepsin K
DFR	dihydroxyflavonol reductase
DMID	7,2′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-isoflavanol dehydratase
DHD	dihydrodaidzein
DR5	tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 2
DZ	daidzein
EGF	epidermal growth factor
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor
eNOS	endothelial nitric oxide synthase
EPR	endoplasmic reticulum
ER	estrogen receptor
ERAα/β	estrogen receptor A alpha/beta
ERα	estrogen receptor alpha
ERβ	estrogen receptor beta
ERK1/2	extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2
F3H	flavanone 3-hydroxylase
FADD	Fas-associated protein with death domain
FAS	fatty acid synthetase
FASL (CD95L)	FAS ligand
PARP	poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase
FBG	fasting blood glucose
FFAs	free fatty acids
FLS	flavonol synthase
FNS	flavone synthase
FNT	formononetin
FOXO	forkhead box transcription factor family O
G2′DT	glycinol 2-dimethylallyltransferase
G4′DT	glycinol 4-dimethylallyltransferase
G6Pase	glucose-6-phosphatase
GC	glycetin
GDNF	glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
GFr	growth factor receptor
GK	glucokinase
GLS	glyceollin synthase
GLUT4	glucose transporter type 4
GPX	glutathione peroxidase
gp91 (NOX2)	NADPH oxidase subunit
G or GS	genistein
GSH	glutathione (reduced form)
GSK3β	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
GT	glucosyltransferase
6-HD	6-hydroxydaidzein
8-HD	8-hydroxydaidzein
12′H	isoflavone hydroxylase
HER2	human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
HI4′OMT	2,7,4′-trihydroxyisoflavanone 4′-O-methyltransferase
HID	2-hydroxyisoflavone dehydratase
2-HIS	2-hydroxyisoflavone synthase
HNF4α	hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha
HO-1	heme oxygenase 1
I2′H	isoflavone 2-hydroxylase
ICAM-1	intracellular adhesion molecule 1
ICHG	isoflavone conjugate-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase
IF	isoflavone
IF7GT	isoflavone-7-O-glucosyltransferase
IF7MaT	isoflavone-7-O-glucoside-6″-O-malonyltransferase
IFH	isoflavone hydroxylase
IFR	isoflavone reductase
IFS	isoflavone synthase
IκB	inhibitory protein of κB family
IKK	IκB kinase
IL-1	interleukin 1
IMT	isoflavone malonyl transferase
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthases
INSR	insulin receptor
IRβ	insulin receptor beta
IRS1/2	insulin receptor substrate-1 and 2
ISN1	inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP)-specific 5′-nucleotidase
JAK2	Janus kinase 2
LAR	flavan-3,4-diol reductase
LDL	low-density lipoprotein
LOX	lipoxygenase
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
Maf	musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma protein
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MEK	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
MKK1/7	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 7
MMP	matrix metalloproteinase
MT	malonyltransferase
MCP1	monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
MDA	malonaldehyde
MGO	methylglyoxal
NAD+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)
NFATc1	nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1
NFIL3	nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein
NF-κB	nuclear factor-kappa B
NGF	nerve growth factor
NIK	NF-κB-inducing kinase
nNOS	neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase
NO	nitrix oxide
NOX	NADPH oxidase
NOX4	NAPDH oxidase 4
NQO1	NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1
Nrf2	nuclear factor erythroid 2
OCN	osteocalcin
OPG	osteoprotegerin
PAL	phenylalanine ammonia lyase
p-AMPK	phosphorylated adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase
PARP	poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase
PDK1/2	3-phosphoinositide–dependent protein kinase 1 and 2
PEPCK	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
p-ERK	phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
PG	prostaglandin
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha
PGE2	prostaglandin E2
PGF2	prostaglandin F2
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PIP2	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate
PIP3	phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate
PKA	protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase)
PKC	protein kinase C
PLA2	phospholipase A2
PPARα	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma
PTS	pterocarpan synthase
PYK	pyruvate kinase
RANKL	receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
RIP	receptor-interacting protein
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RUNX2	runt-related transcription factor 2
S1P and S2P	site-specific protease 1 and 2
sAPP	soluble APP
SCAP	SREB cleavage-activating protein
SIRT1	sirtuin 1
SCD1	stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1
SGK1	serine/threonine-protein kinase
SMI	structure model index
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SREB	sterol regulatory element binding
STAT1	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
STEBp1	SET-binding protein 1
T3	triiodothyronine
T4	thyroxine
TAK1	transforming growth factor β-activated kinase
TAT1	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
TBARs	thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
Tb.N	trabecular number
Tb.Pf	trabecular pattern factor
Tb.Sp	trabecular separation
Tb.Th	trabecular thickness
TCF	T cell factor
TG	Triacylglycerol
TGF-α	transforming growth factor-alpha
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TNFR	tumor necrosis factor receptor
TNFR1	TNF receptor-1
TORC2	target of rapamycin complex 2
TRADD	TNF receptor-associated death domain
TRAF2	TNF receptor-associated factor 2
TRAIL	TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
TRAP	tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Ub	ubiquitination
UCP1	uncoupling protein 1
VR	vestitone reductase
Wnt/β-catenin	canonical Wnt pathway
XRE	xenobiotic response element