Table 2.
Effects of hypoxia on EVs in inflammatory diseases.
| Type of Inflammatory Disease | Source of EVs | Functions of Released EVs | Biomolecules Carried by Hypoxic EVs | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) | Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) | Pulmonary vascular remodeling | miR-17, miR-20a, miR-21, miR145 (to be investigated) | [70] |
| Kidney fibrosis | Mouse and human tubular epithelial cells (TECs) | Repair in injured parenchyma; fibroblasts’ activation and proliferation | TGF-β1 mRNA | [71] |
| Obesity | Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Delivery of proteins involved in metabolic processes; accumulation of lipids in normoxic cells | G6PD, FASN, ACC enzymes | [72] |
| AKI (Acute Kidney Injury) | Rat serum; human kidney cells HK-2 | Renoprotective effects | not described | [62] |
| Human renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) | Therapeutic effects in renal ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury | miR-129-5p, miR-138-5p, miR-127-3p, miR-9-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-129a-2-3p, miR-124-3p, miR-136-3p, miR-135a-5p, miR-411-5p, miR-129-2-3p, miR-9-3p, miR-330-5p, miR-128-3p, miR-218-5p, miR-148a-3p | [77] | |
| Rat renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) | Cytoprotective role | to be investigated | [74] | |
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | Human plasma (sources of exosomes: endothelial cells, progenitor cells, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets) | Cardiovascular dysfunction; regulation of immune and atherosclerosis pathways | hsa-miR-4649-3p, hsa-miR-4436b-5p, hsa-miR-483-3p, hsa-miR-1202, hsa-miR-4505 |
[73] |
| Plasma of mice and patients | Regulation of cancer pathways | mmu-miR-5128, mmu-miR-5112, mmu-miR-6366 |
[75] | |
| Plasma of mice and patients | In vitro proliferation and migration of cells; metastatic behavior with disruption of the endothelial monolayer barrier; regulation of cancer pathways and inflammation | mmu-miR-671-5p, mmu-miR-6418-5p, mmu-miR-709, mmu-miR-6366, mmu-miR-5100, mmu-miR-2137, mmu-miR-882, mmu-miR-92a-3p, mmu-miR-451a, mmu-miR-3082-5p, mmu-miR-5113 |
[76] | |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) | Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) | Therapeutic potential | miR-17, miR-199a, miR-210, miR-292, miR-103, miR-15b, miR-20a | [78] |
| Cardiomyocytes | Regulation of inflammatory responses | TNF-α | [81] | |
| Murine MSCs | Ischemic myocardium repair | miR-125b-5p | [79] | |
| Ischemic-tissue related diseases | MSCs | Angiogenesis, therapeutic potential | Jagged1 protein, miR15, miR16, miR-17, miR31, miR126, miR145, miR221, miR222, miR320a, miR424 | [80] |