Table 9.

Some examples of case studies.

Bioremediation Technique	Pesticides	Description	References
Landfarming	Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (insecticides)	Contaminated soil with HCH isomers (>5000 mg·kg−1) derived from lindane production was studied in the field for 11 months, setting up two plots (each 2 m × 10 m). The α- and γ-HCH isomers were decreased by 89 and 82% of the initial concentration, respectively. The concentration of the most persistent β-isomer remained essentially unaffected.	[103]
Bioaugmentation	Myclobutanil, tetraconazole, and flusilazole.	Experimental tests were conducted on vineyard plots. In the crops, an agricultural formulation of pesticides by foliar spray was applied. After one h of pesticide application, vines were sprayed with a suspension of four Bacillus strains. DR-39, CS-126, TL-171, and TS-204 were tested. Residue analysis of field samples showed 87.4 and >99% degradation of myclobutanil and tetraconazole, respectively, by the strain DR-39, and 90.8% degradation of flusilazole by the strain CS-126 after 15−20 days of treatment.	[104]
Bioaugmentation	DDT	The bioremediation process was studied in 12 experimental plots, including greenhouse and open field soils. Each plot (area of 6 m2) was inoculated with Stenotrophomonas sp. DDT-1 supplemented with 2% yeast powder. The results have shown that this microorganism is efficient for DDT degradation and does not adversely affect soil microbial activity.	[105]
Biostimulation	Organochlorine pesticides: toxaphene; DDT; DDE; DDD; endosulfan II; γ-chlordane; α-chlordane; dieldrin.	The Borello Property is a 14 acre area treated with soil amendment to help the indigenous bacteria to metabolize the pesticides. For the analysis, the area was divided into zones and in each of them, the soil samples were collected from four soil depths (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 ft). At the end of the test, OCPs were not detected; toxaphene, DDT, and DDE were detected in a single sample; dieldrin was detected in five samples at concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 μg·kg−1.	[106]
Biostimulation	Organochlorine pesticides: toxaphene; DDT; DDE; DDD; endosulfan II; γ-chlordane; α-chlordane; dieldrin.	The Mantegani Property is a 0.8 acre area treated with soil amendment to help the indigenous bacteria to metabolize the pesticides. High concentrations of DDT and dieldrin were present. After treatment, DDT was degraded by 97% and dieldrin by 73%, while the concentrations of other OCPs were below their preliminary remediation goals.	[106]