Table 2.
Effects of non-enzymatic antioxidants (amino acids and small peptides) supplementation in liquid cooled storage on sperm quality parameters.
| Antioxidant | Conc | Opt | Temp | Time | Species | In Vitro Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cysteine | 5 mM | 5 °C | 72 h | caprine | No effect on sperm motility and HOST. | [122] | |
| cysteine | 2–4 mM | 5 °C | 96 h | ovine | Slightly increased motility and viability. | [123] | |
| cysteine | 0.25–5 mM | 5 mM | 10 °C | 7–14 d | porcine | Increased sperm viability. | [116] |
| hypotaurine | 5 mM | 10 °C | 7–14 d | porcine | No effect on viability. | [116] | |
| arginine | 4–6 mM | 4 mM | 5 °C | 5 d | caprine | Increased total motility, viability and reduced MDA. | [138] |
| carnitine | 50 mM | 50 mM | 20–25 °C | 72 h | equine | Increased total motility and reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation. | [132] |
| carnitine | 0.5–2 mM | 5 °C | 72 h | equine | Increased sperm motility. No effect on ROS or viability. | [130] | |
| carnitine | 12.5–100 mM | 50 mM | 17 °C | 5–10 d | porcine | Increased motility, viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity and T-AOC. Reduced MDA and ROS. | [128] |
| carnitine | 0.5–2 mM | 2 mM | 5 °C | 24 h | rabbit | Increased total motility, viability and acrosomal abnormality. | [131] |
| glutamine | 20–60 mM | 60 mM | 22 °C (24 h)/5 °C | 72 h | equine | Increased total and progressive motility. No effect or detrimental effect on sperm viability. | [126] |
| glutamine | 10–80 mM | 20 mM | 17 °C | 5 d | porcine | Increased motility, velocities, viability and T-AOC. Reduced ROS production. Toxic at high concentrations. | [137] |
| glutamine | 0.5–2 mM | 1–2 mM | 5 °C | 24 h | rabbit | Increased total motility, viability and acrosomal abnormality. | [131] |
| Methionine | 2–4 mM | 5 °C | 96 h | ovine | Increased motility and viability. | [135] | |
| Methionine | 1–12 mM | 5 °C | 96 h | Rabbit | No effect on studied parameters. | [136] | |
| Methionine | 1–12 mM | 15 °C | 96 h | Rabbit | No effect on studied parameters. | [136] | |
| proline | 20–60 mM | 60 mM | 22 °C (24 h)/5 °C | 72 h | equine | Increased total and progressive motility. No effect on viability. | [126] |
| proline | 25–125 mM | 75 | 17 °C | 5 d | porcine | Increased total and progressive motility, GSH levels and activities of CAT and SOD. Improved viability, MMP and ATP levels. Reduced ROS. | [133] |
| GSH | 5–10 mM | 5 mM | 5 °C | 48 h | equine | Increased total motility and viability, reduced MDA. Toxic at high concentrations. | [117] |
| GSH | 0.5–3.0 mM | 0.5 mM | 4–8 °C | 5 d | bovine | Increased motility. Reduced acrosomal damage. Toxic at high concentrations. | [112] |
| GSH | 0.2–5 mM | 1–1.5 mM | 25 °C | 24 h | bovine | Slightly improved progressive motility (depending on extender). | [94] |
| GSH | 0.2–5 mM | 5 °C | 24 h | bovine | No effect on studied parameters. | [94] | |
| GSH | 1 mM | 5 °C | 72 h | caprine | Increased progressive motility and viability. Reduced lipid peroxidation. | [113] | |
| GSH | 0.2–5 mM | 5 °C/15 °C | 96 h | ovine | None or detrimental effect on motility and viability (improved mitochondrial activity at 5 °C) (depending on extender). | [118] | |
| GSH | 50–200 mM | 200 mM | 5 °C | 72 h | ovine | Increased motility and kinetics, viability, T-AOC, and MMP. | [115] |
| GSH | 100–400 mM | 5 °C | 24 h | ovine | Detrimental effects at high concentration. | [111] | |
| GSH | 5–10 mM | 5–10 mM | 5 °C | 30 h | ovine | No effect on motility, increased viability. | [119] |
| GSH | 5 mM | 10 °C | 7–14 d | porcine | Increased viability at 14 d | [116] | |
| GSH | 1–15 mmol/L | 1 mM | 17 °C | 5 d | porcine | Increased motility, viability, T-AOC. | [114] |
| GSH | 0.5–1.5 mM | 5 °C | 24 h | tigrina | No significant effect on studied parameters. | [120] | |
| Taurine | 20–60 mM | 60 mM | 22 °C (24 h)/5 °C | 72 h | equine | Increased total and progressive motility. No effect on viability. | [126] |
| Taurine | 25–100 mM | 50 mM | 5 °C | No data | bovine | Improved sperm motility, viability, acrosome integrity. | [124] |
| Taurine | 0.2 mM | 4 °C | 72 h | canine | Increased motility and viability. | [105] | |
| Taurine | 100 mM | 5 °C | 5 d | equine | Increased total motility. | [125] | |
| Taurine | 50–100 mM | 5 °C | 30 h | ovine | No effect on motility or viability. | [119] | |
| Taurine | 0.5–10 mmol/L | 5 mM | 17 °C | 72 h | porcine | Increased motility, viability, acrosome integrity and T-AOC. Reduced MDA. | [91] |
GSH: reduced glutathione; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; ROS: reactive oxygen species; HOST: hypo-osmotic swelling test; Opt: optimum concentration; Time: time of cooled storage; d: days; h: hours; Temp: temperature; T-AOC: Total antioxidant capacity; MDA: malondialdehyde; Ref.: reference.