Table 3.

Tyrosinase inhibitory effects of various esters of arbutin.

Literature	Compounds		Tyrosinase Inhibitory Effects		Enzymes and Substrates Used
	Name	Chemical Structure	Monophenolase Activity	Diphenolase Activity
[95]	Arbutin	2	IC50 = 3 mM	IC50 = 40 mM	Mushroom tyrosinase; 1 mM catechol or 1 mM phenol
	Arbutin undecylenic acid ester	17	IC50 = 0.4 mM	IC50 = 0.4 mM
[98]	Grevilloside M	19		No inhibition	Mushroom tyrosinase; 2.5 mM L-DOPA
	Robustaside D	20		No inhibition
[96]	Arbutin	2	1.72% inhibition at 0.2 mM	Not detected	Mushroom tyrosinase; 2 mM L-tyrosine or 1 mM L-DOPA
	Arbutin propionate	15	0.86% inhibition at 0.2 mM	Not detected
	Arbutin octylate	16	8.42% inhibition at 0.2 mM	Not detected
	Arbutin undecenoate	17	15.64% inhibition at 0.2 mM	8.01% inhibition at 0.2 mM
	Arbutin laurate	18	Not detected	Not detected
[97]	Arbutin	2		IC50 = 29.4 mM	Silkworm hemolymph polyphenol oxidase; 14.4 mM L-DOPA
	Arbutin undecylenic acid ester	17		IC50 = 6.36 mM