Table 5.

Effects of arbutin on the viability of different cells.

Literature	Cells	Effects of Arbutin on Cell Viability
[50,52]	Human melanocytes derived from neonatal Caucasian or Asian neonatal foreskins	Arbutin treatment at 0.01–1.0 mM for 3 d did not reduce cell viability whereas 5 mM treatment reduced cell viability by 26%.
[53]	Normal human melanocytes from foreskins of 18- to 40-year-old Japanese males	Cells grew well in the presence of 0.37 mM arbutin for 5 d, but 1.1 mM arbutin was cytotoxic and cells detached from the dish within 48 h.
[56]	BRUCE-4 embryonic stem cells of C57BL/6J mouse; Mouse bone marrow-derived stromal ST2 cells	Arbutin treatment for 24 h did not inhibit the proliferation of either cell at 1 mM.
[94]	Murine melanoma B16 cells	After 24 h of treatment, up to 3.6 mM arbutin had no significant effect on cell viability. After 48 h, up to 0.7 mM arbutin did not induce significant toxicity. After 72 h, 0.3–5.4 mM arbutin reduced cell viability by 24–45%. Arbutin at 5.4 mM induced apoptosis.
[143]	Normal human skin fibroblasts	Treatment with up to 1 mM arbutin for 24 h did not affect cell viability.
[151]	Human prostate carcinoma. The LNCaP cell line Human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells	Treatment with 125–2000 μM for 24, 48, or 72 h did not significantly affect cell viability.Arbutin induced apoptosis at 1000 μM.
[147]	Fibroblast cell line from human newborn foreskins; LNCaP cells	Arbutin reduced the viability of these cells at doses above 1000 μM at 24 and 48 h post-exposure.