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. 2021 Jul 9;12:679425. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679425

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Copyright © 2021 Ghouzlani, Kandoussi, Tall, Reddy, Rafii and Badou

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma. Tumor cells release molecules which contribute to multiple unique immunosuppression mediated by various cellular players in glioma microenvironment. (A) After recruitment to the tumor site, Tregs directly suppress the activity of cytolytic T cells and induce their apoptosis through secretion of various types of cytokines including IL-10 and TGFβ. (B) Angiogenesis is a pathologic hallmark of glioblastoma mainly mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). (C) Immune checkpoints suppress T cell function in glioma microenvironment through distinct mechanisms.