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. 2021 Jul 9;12:679425. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679425

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Copyright © 2021 Ghouzlani, Kandoussi, Tall, Reddy, Rafii and Badou

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immune checkpoint blockade in gliomas. The mechanisms by which various immune checkpoints promote each other and contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment in gliomas. PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4/B7, TIM3/GAL9, and TIGIT/CD96 expressed on different types of immune cells such as T cells (CD4 and CD8) Dendritic cells (DC), Natural killer cells (NK) B cells. These pathways could induce FoxP3 expression and promote tumor escape, cytotoxic cell inhibition and Treg conversion with the help of TGF-β and IL-10. The blockade of these immune checkpoint molecules through mono or combined therapy could be used as a potential therapeutic for glioma and especially glioblastoma.