Table 2 ∣.

Effects of consuming fruits and vegetables and whole grains on the gut microbiota in overweight and obese subjects

Human populations	Fruits/vegetables/whole grains comsumed	Gut microbiota altered	Other effects measured	Trial registration	References
38 obese and 11 overweight adults	Diet with increased fruits and vegetables for 6 weeks	Improved fecal bacterial gene richnesses	↓ Triglycerides, ↓ Highly sensitive C-reactive protein	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01314690	[22]
50 subjects (overweight men and post-menopausal women)	Whole grains for 12 weeks	↑ Microbial diversity by whole grain diet	↑ Post-prandial triglycerides	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02385149	[23]
123 overweight or obese subjects	Whole grains for 9 weeks	↓ Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae, ↑ Bifidobacteriaceae	↓ Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, ↑ Adiponectin	–	[24]
20 normal weight subjects	Whole grains for 10 weeks	↑ Microbial diversity by whole grain diet	↓ Obesity parameters (Body mass index, body fat mass, and body weight)	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01449383	[25]
60 adults at risk of developing metabolic syndrome	Whole grains for 8 weeks	No change in fecal microbiota	↓ Bodyweight, ↓ IL-6, ↓ C-reactive protein	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01731366	[26]
70 overweight adults, habitual avoiders of whole grains	Whole grains for 6 weeks	No difference	↑ Flatulence, ↑ Bowl movements, ↓ Bloating	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02358122	[27]
49 overweight or obese subjects with low intake of fruits and vegetables and whole grains	– Fruits and vegetables (3 servings/day for 6 weeks) – Whole grains (3 servings/ day for 6 weeks)	– No differences in fecal microbiota composition between groups of fruits and vegetables and whole grains – ↑ α-diversity in whole-grain group	↓ Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in both the fruits and vegetables and whole grain groups, ↓ IL-6 in fruits and vegetables group ↓TNF-α in whole-grain group	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02602496	[28]
125 obese men and women (62 treated, 63 placebo)	Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 + oligofructose + inulin for 24 weeks	↑ Fecal Lachnospiraceae family	↓ Body weight only in women, ↓ Fat mass in women, ↓ Circulating leptin	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01106924	[31]