Table 3 ∣.

Effects of consuming fruits and vegetables and whole grains on gut microbiotas of subjects with functional gastrointestinal diseases

Human populations	Fruits/vegetables/whole grains comsumed	Gut microbiota altered	Other effects measured	Trial registration	References
88 healthy individuals at increased risk of colon cancer	Doubled fruit and vegetable intake with either a Mediterranean diet or Healthy Eating diet	No change in bacterial community	–	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00475722	[32]
20 patients with colorectal cancer	Freeze-dried black raspberries for 1–9 weeks	↑ Benzoate metabolites produced by gut microbiota metabolisms	–	–	[34]
20 patients with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis	Inulin for 3 weeks	↓ Bacteroides fragilis	↑ Fecal butyrate, ↓ Fecal pH, ↓ Fecal secondary bile acids	–	[35]
10 patients with active ileocolonic Crohn’s	Fructo-oligosaccharides for 3 weeks	↑ Fecal Bifidobacteria	↓ Harvey Bradshaw index, ↑ IL-10-, TLR2-, or TLR4-expressing dendritic cells	–	[36]
37 colon cancer patients and 43 polypectomized patients	Oligofructose-enriched inulin + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG + Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 for 12 weeks	↑ Fecal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, ↓ Fecal Clostridium perfringens	↓ Colorectal proliferation, ↑ Epithelial barrier function, ↓ IL-2 secretion, ↑ IFN-γ secretion	–	[37]
15 colorectal cancer patients	Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04 + Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM + inulin for 8–78 days	↑ Microbiota diversity, Fusobacterium, Selenomonas and Peptostreptococcus in tumor, ↑ Butyrate-producing bacteria, especially Faecalibacterium and Clostridiales spp. in the tumor, non-tumor mucosa and fecal microbiota	–	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03072641	[38]
120 ulcerative colitis patients	– Probiotic (Bifidobacterium longum) – Prebiotic (Psyllium) – Synbiotic (Bifidobacterium longum + Psyllium)	–	UC patients on synbiotic therapy experienced greater quality of life than those on probiotic or prebiotic treatment.	–	[39]