Table 3.

Selected 3D-printed biomarker-based cancer diagnostic devices [50,51].

Cancer	Biomarker	Sensor	Range or LOD a
Liver	CD133	Screen-printed gold electrode integrated into a 3D printed chamber	1 × 105 to 3 × 106 HepG2 liver cancer cells/mL [51]
Hepatocellular	Oval cell marker antibody (OV6)	Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) functionalized electrode integrated into a 3D printed flow cell	1 × 102–5 × 105 hepatic oval cells (HOCs)/mL [52]
Cystic fibrosis	Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI)	Printed circuit board with built-in screen-printed electrode integrated into a 3D printed case and connected to a smart phone for control	Limit of 1 nM [53]
Pancreatic, breast cancer and gastric	Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	Self-designed and printed photoelectrode integrated into a 3D printed platform	10.0 pg/mL–5.0 ng/mL with limit of 4.8 pg/mL [54]
Prostate	Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)	3D printed multiplexed ECL immunoarray with programmable syringe pump	Limits of 150 fg/mL for PSA, and 230 fg/mL for PSMA [55]
Prostate	PSA, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD-14), Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), platelet factor 4 (PF-4), vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D), PSMA	3D printed multiplexed ECL immunoarray with lab-built electronic control system	Limits of 78−110 fg/mL [56]
Breast	Nucleolin	Functionalized bipolar electrode (BPE) mounted in a 3D printed microchannel for ECL detection	LOD of 10 MCF-7 breast cancer cells [57]
Prostate	PSA, PS-4	Unibody 3D printed multiplexed CL immunoarray	LOD 0.5 pg/mL [58]
Prostate	PSA, VEGF, IGF-1, CD-14	ELISA based 3D printed multiplexed pipette tip for CL and colorimetric detection	Limits of 5 pg/mL for PSA, 25 pg/mL for VEGF, 2.5 pg/mL for IGF-1, and 0.5 pg/mL for CD-14 [59]
Cervical	Valosin-containing protein (VCP)	Magnetic focus lateral flow immunosensor (mLFS) integrated into a 3D printed frame for colorimetric detection	Limit of 25 fg/mL [60]
Ovarian, breast	VEGF, angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2)	3D-printed immunoarray using lab-formulated carboxyl group rich resin for colorimetric detection	Limit of 11 ng/mL for VEGF, and 0.8 ng/mL for Ang-2 [61]
Oral cancer metastasis	DSG3, VEGF-A, VEGF-C	3D-printed array with cell disruption device to detect metastasis biomarker DSG3 at single cell level	LODs 0.10 fg/mL for DSG3, and 0.20 fg/mL for VEGF-A, VEGF-C and β-Tub [43]

^a Limit of detection (LOD) as signal 3x the average noise + blank; range denotes detectable concentration levels.