Table 1.
Alphapherpesvirus innate immune evasion strategies.
| Immune evasion strategy | Virus | Viral Protein | Functional consequence | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Degradation | HSV-1 | vhs | Degradation of ZAP, viperin, IFI16, cGAS mRNA | (Shen et al., 2014; Su et al., 2015; Orzalli et al., 2016) (Su and Zheng, 2017) |
| ICP0 | Degradation of MyD88, Mal | (van Lint et al., 2010) | ||
| HSV-1, HSV-2 | ICP0 | Degradation of IFI16, ND10 components, DNA-PKcs, NF-κB p50 | (Parkinson et al., 1999; Boutell et al., 2003; Orzalli et al., 2012; Cuchet-Lourenco et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013; Diner et al., 2015b) | |
| BHV-1 | ICP0 | Degradation of IRF3 | (Saira et al., 2007) | |
| VZV | ORF61p | Degradation of IRF3 | (Zhu et al., 2011) | |
| PRV | pUL50 | Degradation of IFNAR1 | (Zhang et al., 2017) | |
| PTM | HSV-1 | pUL37 | Deamidation of cGAS | (Zhang et al., 2018) |
| pUL36 | Deubiquitination of TRAF3, IKKα | (Wang et al., 2013a) (Ye et al., 2017) | ||
| pUS3 | Atypical IRF3, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation | (Wang et al., 2013b; Wang et al., 2014) | ||
| Hyperphosphorylation, deacetylation prevention of HDAC1/2 | (Poon et al., 2006; Walters et al., 2010; Shapira et al., 2016) | |||
| VZV | ORF47p | Atypical IRF3 phosphorylation | (Vandevenne et al., 2011) | |
| ORF66p | Hyperphosphorylation of HDAC1/2 | (Walters et al., 2009) | ||
| Molecular sink, sequestration | FHV-1 | pUS3 | Kinase-independent prevention of IRF3 dimerization | (Tian et al., 2018) |
| HSV-1 | pUS11 | Binding of PKR, RIG-I, and MDA5 | (Peters et al., 2002) (Xing et al., 2012) | |
| VP22 | Binding of cGAS, prevention of AIM2 inflammasome formation | (Huang et al., 2018) (Maruzuru et al., 2018) | ||
| pUL46 | Binding of STING, TBK-1 | (Deschamps and Kalamvoki, 2017) | ||
| Molecular sink, sequestration | HSV-1 | ICP27 | Binding of TBK-1 | Christensen et al., 2016 |
| γ134.5 | Binding of TBK-1 | Verpooten et al., 2009) | ||
| ICP0 | Sequestration of IRF3, CBP/p300 in subnuclear puncta | (Melroe et al., 2007) | ||
| VP24 | Binding of IRF3 | (Zhang et al., 2016) | ||
| VP16 | Binding of IRF3, CBP, NF-κB p65 | (Xing et al., 2013) | ||
| pUL36 | Binding of IFNAR2 | (Yuan et al., 2018) | ||
| Unknown | pUL13 | Attenuation of CXCL9 expression | (Koyanagi et al., 2017) | |
| Unknown | pUS3 | Inhibition of TLR3 expression | (Peri et al., 2008) | |
| Unknown | VZV | IE62 | Prevention of IRF3 phosphorylation, independent of binding TBK-1, IRF3 | (Sen et al., 2010) |
| Unknown | PRV | gE, gI | Attenuate IFNα expression | (Lamote et al., 2017) |